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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids02:26

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

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Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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States of Water01:23

States of Water

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Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
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Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

22.2K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Crossover between solid-like and liquid-like behavior in supercooled liquids.

X R Tian1, D M Zhang2,3, B Zhang1

  • 1School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China.

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|November 3, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers found a new way to understand supercooled liquids by analyzing atomic pair dynamics. This reveals two distinct liquid states and a crossover temperature, explaining complex behaviors near the glass transition.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Supercooled liquids exhibit continuous thermodynamic properties but anomalous dynamic behavior between the glass transition temperature (Tg) and melting point (Tm).
  • The decoupling of thermodynamics and dynamics in these systems is a long-standing puzzle in glass research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the thermodynamics-dynamics decoupling in supercooled liquids.
  • To categorize supercooled liquid dynamics into distinct states.
  • To propose and validate pathways from liquid to glass states.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of the ratio of characteristic relaxation times for relative and center-of-mass coordinates of nearest-neighbor atomic pairs.
  • Molecular dynamics simulations of various supercooled liquids.

Main Results:

  • A new metric based on atomic pair relaxation times effectively characterizes thermodynamics-dynamics decoupling.
  • Supercooled liquids can be classified into solid-like and liquid-like dynamic states.
  • A crossover temperature (Tx) between these states was identified, occurring between Tm and Tg.
  • Simulations confirmed that supercooled liquids follow a path involving this solid-like/liquid-like dynamic crossover.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed atomic-level picture provides a microscopic explanation for macroscopic dynamic anomalies in supercooled liquids.
  • The identified crossover offers a new perspective on the glass transition and the nature of supercooled states.