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Related Concept Videos

Lifecycle of Erythrocytes01:22

Lifecycle of Erythrocytes

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Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, constantly move through blood capillaries. As a result, they damage their plasma membrane due to the continuous friction. Typically, after 100 to 120 days, erythrocytes become rigid and fragile as they wear out. As they pass through small vessels in the spleen and liver, they can get trapped and break apart into fragments.
The resident phagocytic macrophages deal with these damaged cells by engulfing them and separating their globin and heme groups....
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Erythropoiesis01:14

Erythropoiesis

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Red blood cells  (RBCs) transport oxygen to all body tissues. These cells survive only for 120 days and then need to be replenished. Erythropoiesis is the process of RBC production. In healthy individuals, erythropoiesis ensures all tissues are amply supplied with oxygen. In addition, blood loss due to injury leads to a drop in the physiological oxygen level that will cause erythropoiesis. Any defect in erythropoiesis leads to several physiological disorders, including thalassemia, anemia,...
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Structure and Function of Erythrocytes01:29

Structure and Function of Erythrocytes

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There are between 4.2 and 6 million erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, in every microliter of blood. These cells are small, flattened biconcave discs with centers that are depressed.
The erythrocyte plasma membrane is associated with proteins such as spectrin, which forms a flexible cytoplasmic meshwork. This meshwork allows erythrocytes to twist, turn, become cup-shaped, and regain their biconcave shape as they pass through narrow capillaries. Additionally, erythrocytes can form...
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Disorders of Erythrocytes01:27

Disorders of Erythrocytes

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Disorders of erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs), include a range of conditions affecting their number, shape, or function.
Erythrocyte disorders can be broadly categorized into two main types: anemic and polycythemic conditions.
A low oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood due to the loss, lower production, or destruction of erythrocytes is termed anemia. Hemorrhagic anemia, for example, occurs when bleeding from an external wound or internal ulcer reduces erythrocyte counts.
On the other...
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Hemoglobin01:24

Hemoglobin

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Hemoglobin is a globular protein made up of four subunits. Two of these subunits are alpha chains, and the other two are beta chains. Each subunit contains a molecule of heme, which has an iron atom and can bind to oxygen. When an oxygen molecule binds to one heme group, it changes the shape of hemoglobin, making it easier for the other heme groups to bind oxygen as well.
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Composition of Blood01:22

Composition of Blood

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The blood in our bodies comprises three major components: blood plasma, formed elements, and the extracellular matrix. Blood plasma is a yellowish fluid that constitutes 55% of the total blood volume. It is primarily made up of water and essential substances such as electrolytes and proteins. Blood plasma serves as a medium for transporting blood cells and also contains nutrients, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and gases.
Formed elements constitute the remaining 45% of the blood volume. These...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 12, 2026

Measuring Deformability and Red Cell Heterogeneity in Blood by Ektacytometry
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A Comic of RBCs and Other EHR TMI.

Teddie Bernard1

  • 1Graduate of the School of the Art Institute of Chicago with a bachelor's degree in fine arts.

AMA Journal of Ethics
|November 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Accessible electronic health records (EHRs) are crucial for equitable healthcare, but many individuals with disabilities face access barriers. This study highlights the need for clearer obligations for EHR developers and clinicians to ensure universal access.

Area of Science:

  • Health Informatics
  • Disability Studies
  • Bioethics

Background:

  • Electronic health records (EHRs) offer significant benefits for patient access to health information.
  • However, current EHR systems present accessibility challenges for individuals with various disabilities.
  • This disparity perpetuates health inequities and raises ethical and legal concerns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the accessibility of electronic health records for people with disabilities.
  • To argue for enhanced legal and ethical frameworks to ensure equitable EHR access.
  • To identify the need for clearer obligations for EHR developers and healthcare providers.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing federal laws and regulations concerning EHR accessibility.

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  • Analysis of the ethical and legal implications of inaccessible EHRs.
  • Argumentative approach based on current evidence of access disparities.

    • Main Results:

    • Existing federal protections for accessible EHRs are insufficient to address the needs of all individuals with disabilities.
    • Significant barriers to EHR access persist for people with disabilities.
    • Current legal and ethical frameworks fall short in mandating comprehensive accessibility.

    Conclusions:

    • More specific and clearly defined obligations are required for both electronic health record developers and clinicians.
    • Ensuring equitable access to EHRs is an ethical imperative.
    • Policy and practice changes are needed to overcome current accessibility gaps.