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Related Concept Videos

Plasmodesmata01:20

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In a multicellular organism, cells must communicate to work together in a coordinated manner. One way that cells communicate is through direct contact with other cells. The points of contact that connect adjacent cells are called intercellular junctions.
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The organs in a multicellular organism’s body are made up of tissues formed by cells. To work together cohesively, cells must communicate. One way that cells communicate is through direct contact with other cells. The points of contact that connect adjacent cells are called intercellular junctions.
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Alveolates are a group of organisms recognized by the presence of alveoli, which are cytoplasmic sacs located beneath the cell membrane. While their function remains uncertain, alveoli may help regulate water balance by controlling how much water enters and leaves the cell. In dinoflagellates, these structures may serve as armor plates. There are three major types of alveolates: ciliates, which move using cilia; dinoflagellates, which use flagella for movement; and apicomplexans, which are...
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Contact-dependent signaling, as the name suggests, requires that communicating cells be in direct contact with each other. This is achieved either through receptor-ligand interactions or by specialized cytoplasmic channels that allow the flow of small molecules between cells. In animal cells, channels called gap junctions facilitate contact-dependent signaling in certain tissues, whereas, plasmodesmata perform a similar function in plants.
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Plants often form mutualistic relationships with soil-dwelling fungi or bacteria to enhance their roots’ nutrient uptake ability. Root-colonizing fungi (e.g., mycorrhizae) increase a plant’s root surface area, which promotes nutrient absorption. While root-colonizing, nitrogen-fixing bacteria (e.g., rhizobia) convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), making nitrogen available to plants for various biological functions. For example, nitrogen is essential for the...
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Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those species. When a relationship is beneficial to both species, this is called mutualism. When the relationship is beneficial to one species but neither beneficial nor harmful to the other species, this is called commensalism. When one organism is harmed to benefit another, the relationship is known as parasitism. These types of relationships often...
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Updated: Jan 12, 2026

Author Spotlight: Microscopic Analysis of Protein Localization at Plasmodesmata in Plants
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Interspecific secondary plasmodesmata at the parasitic interface.

Koh Aoki1, Ayako Tsushima1

  • 1Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-Cho, Naka-Ku, Sakai 599-8531, Japan.

Plant & Cell Physiology
|November 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Parasitic plants form symplastic connections with hosts via interspecific secondary plasmodesmata. Their formation likely involves cell wall thinning, membrane changes, and metabolic regulation, requiring further study.

Keywords:
Cuscutaobligate parasiteparasitic interfaceparasitic plantssecondary plasmodesmata

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Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Plant physiology
  • Cell biology

Background:

  • Obligate parasitic plants connect symplastically with hosts.
  • This connection is facilitated by interspecific secondary plasmodesmata.
  • Molecular mechanisms of their formation are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on plasmodesmata biogenesis.
  • To hypothesize the key events in interspecific secondary plasmodesmata formation.
  • To suggest future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of plasmodesmata biogenesis.
  • Analysis of plasmodesmata formation at different cellular boundaries.
  • Hypothesis formulation based on existing data.

Main Results:

  • Plasmodesmata biogenesis varies with cell boundary developmental origin.
  • A three-event hypothesis for interspecific secondary plasmodesmata formation is proposed: cell wall thinning, membrane rearrangement, and metabolic regulation.

Conclusions:

  • Interspecific secondary plasmodesmata formation is a complex process.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the molecular basis.
  • Understanding this process can shed light on plant-parasite interactions.