Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Brainstem01:19

Brainstem

5.6K
The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
The Midbrain
The midbrain is located beneath the diencephalon and connects the cerebrum with the lower parts of the brain. The cerebral peduncles are prominent midbrain structures that house the...
5.6K
Regulation of Stroke Volume01:27

Regulation of Stroke Volume

4.6K
The regulation of stroke volume, which is the amount of blood the heart pumps out during each heartbeat, is critical for maintaining a healthy circulatory system. Stroke volume is influenced by three main factors: preload, contractility, and afterload.
Preload refers to the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts. It's analogous to the stretching of a rubber band; the more it's stretched, the more forcefully it snaps back. This concept is encapsulated in the Frank-Starling law of the...
4.6K
Organization of the Brain01:30

Organization of the Brain

2.3K
The brain is an integral component of the nervous system and serves as the center for processing sensory inputs, making decisions, and directing bodily actions. This complex organ is organized into three primary sections: the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, each responsible for a range of vital functions.
Hindbrain
The hindbrain, located at the base of the brain, plays a vital role in regulating automatic processes that sustain life. It includes the medulla oblongata, which is essential for...
2.3K
Brainstem: Control Centers of Medulla01:21

Brainstem: Control Centers of Medulla

3.6K
The medulla oblongata is a crucial part of the brainstem responsible for controlling various autonomic and involuntary functions. It contains several nuclei, including the olivary, cuneate, gracile, and solitary nuclei.
Olivary Nucleus
The olivary nucleus, or inferior olivary nucleus, is located within the ventrolateral part of the medulla oblongata. It is primarily involved in motor coordination and motor learning. The olivary nucleus receives input from the spinal cord, cerebellum, and motor...
3.6K
Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

3.4K
Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
3.4K
Functional Brain Systems: Reticular Formation01:13

Functional Brain Systems: Reticular Formation

4.2K
The reticular formation is a complex network of gray and white matter located within the brainstem extending from the medulla to the midbrain.
Within the reticular formation, there are several distinct nuclei that can be classified into three broad categories. The Raphe nuclei are located along the midline of the brainstem. They are primarily known for their role in synthesizing and releasing serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved in regulating mood, appetite, sleep, and circadian rhythms. The...
4.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Corrigendum to "Beyond staffing ratios - team demographic diversity, workforce stability, and their effects on patient safety and workforce sustainability: A multi-country analysis" [Int. J. Nurs. Stud. 181 (2026) 105570].

International journal of nursing studies·2026
Same author

Efficacy and Safety of Patients With Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis Switching to Ocrelizumab Due to Suboptimal Treatment Response: Results of the 4-Year CASTING-LIBERTO Trial.

European journal of neurology·2026
Same author

Deconfounded, quantitative microbiome profiling identifies robust multiple sclerosis markers and clinical covariate associations.

Gut microbes·2026
Same author

Beyond staffing ratios - team demographic diversity, workforce stability, and their effects on patient safety and workforce sustainability: A multi-country analysis.

International journal of nursing studies·2026
Same author

Comparative effectiveness of ocrelizumab in subgroups of patients with multiple sclerosis: a multi-registry observational cohort study.

Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry·2026
Same author

Data-driven hypothesis discovery from disease trajectories in multiple sclerosis.

Frontiers in immunology·2026
Same journal

Relationship trust in individuals with multiple sclerosis: a network analysis approach.

Acta neurologica Belgica·2026
Same journal

Comment on "Humans vs. large language models in neurology board examination: performance, limitations, and reference reliability".

Acta neurologica Belgica·2026
Same journal

A rare case of severe hypertension following unilateral iatrogenic glossopharyngeal nerve injury during tonsillectomy.

Acta neurologica Belgica·2026
Same journal

Synergistic pain relief in cervical radiculopathy: A randomized trial of topical methylcobalamin gel with phonophoresis and Mulligan mobilization.

Acta neurologica Belgica·2026
Same journal

Characterizing cranial tremors in a case of spinocerebellar ataxia type 12: a unique positional tremor.

Acta neurologica Belgica·2026
Same journal

A case of coexistence of spinal intradural capillary hemangioma and craniocervical junction dural arteriovenous fistula.

Acta neurologica Belgica·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 12, 2026

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
09:41

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

11.9K

Cognitive functioning in multiple sclerosis with focus on brainstem volume.

Eline Van Doninck1,2, Anna-Victoria De Keersmaecker3,4, Marie D'hooghe5,6,7

  • 1Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium. eline.vandoninck@uantwerpen.be.

Acta Neurologica Belgica
|November 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brainstem volume was not linked to cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, reduced volumes in other brain areas like the hippocampus and cortex were associated with cognitive deficits in MS patients.

Keywords:
AtrophyBICAMSBrainstemCognitionMRIMultiple sclerosis

More Related Videos

Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly
12:50

Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly

Published on: April 14, 2014

40.8K
Evaluation of the Cognitive Performance of Hypertensive Patients with Silent Cerebrovascular Lesions
07:30

Evaluation of the Cognitive Performance of Hypertensive Patients with Silent Cerebrovascular Lesions

Published on: April 23, 2021

3.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 12, 2026

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
09:41

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

11.9K
Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly
12:50

Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly

Published on: April 14, 2014

40.8K
Evaluation of the Cognitive Performance of Hypertensive Patients with Silent Cerebrovascular Lesions
07:30

Evaluation of the Cognitive Performance of Hypertensive Patients with Silent Cerebrovascular Lesions

Published on: April 23, 2021

3.4K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Neurology
  • Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

  • The brainstem plays a crucial role in the cerebro-cerebellar network essential for cognition.
  • The association between brainstem volume and cognitive function in multiple sclerosis (MS) remains under-explored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between brainstem volumes and cognitive impairment in MS.
  • To assess cognitive performance using the Brief International Assessment of Cognition for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS) battery.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of MRI data from 143 MS patients in the VOLUMS study.
  • Volumetric brain imaging and brainstem lesion counts were performed.
  • Cognitive function was assessed using BICAMS, with correlations and logistic regression exploring associations.

Main Results:

  • Cognitive impairment was observed in 30.1% of participants.
  • No significant correlation was found between brainstem volume and cognitive scores.
  • Lower volumes in the hippocampus, thalamus, cortex, and gray matter were associated with cognitive impairment. Processing speed and verbal memory correlated with cortical and gray matter volumes.

Conclusions:

  • Brainstem volume is not directly associated with cognitive impairment in MS.
  • Cognitive impairment in MS is linked to reductions in other brain structures, including the hippocampus, thalamus, and cortex.
  • Disease duration is a significant predictor of cognitive impairment in MS.