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Urea Cycle01:23

Urea Cycle

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The urea cycle describes how liver cells convert ammonia to urea. Ammonia is a toxic waste product of protein catabolism. Land animals must convert ammonia into the less toxic urea which can be safely eliminated by the kidneys through urine. Marine animals excrete ammonia directly, and the surrounding water dilutes the ammonia to safe levels.
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Simple Methods for the Preparation of Non-noble Metal Bulk-electrodes for Electrocatalytic Applications
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Efficient Urea Electrosynthesis on a Cu3 Molecular Catalyst with Dynamically Adaptive Intercopper Spacings.

Mengqiu Xu1, Yuanyuan Xue1, Zhengzheng Liu1

  • 1Laboratory of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Porous Materials for Separation and Conversion, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|November 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A novel trinuclear-copper molecular catalyst (Cu3-flex) enables efficient electrocatalytic urea synthesis from carbon monoxide and nitrate ions. This catalyst overcomes kinetic limitations, achieving high urea production rates and stability.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Electrocatalytic urea synthesis offers a sustainable alternative to energy-intensive industrial methods.
  • Current methods face challenges due to slow C-N coupling and competing reactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a molecular catalyst for efficient urea electrosynthesis from carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrate ions (NO3-).
  • To investigate the mechanism of dynamic intercopper spacing in promoting C-N coupling.

Main Methods:

  • Design and synthesis of a trinuclear-copper molecular catalyst (Cu3-flex).
  • Electrochemical characterization of urea synthesis performance.
  • Analysis of catalyst behavior under CO and NO3- adsorption.

Main Results:

  • Cu3-flex exhibits dynamic intercopper spacing upon CO and NO3- binding, facilitating C-N coupling.
  • Achieved a urea production rate of 122 mmol·gcat.-1·h-1.
  • Demonstrated a Faradaic efficiency of 69% and >125 h of electrochemical stability.

Conclusions:

  • The Cu3-flex catalyst effectively promotes urea electrosynthesis by enabling dynamic active sites.
  • This molecular catalyst presents a promising pathway for sustainable urea production.