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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

48.6K
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
48.6K
Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

6.9K
The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
6.9K
Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

22.3K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
22.3K
Phase Changes01:19

Phase Changes

5.2K
Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
A substance melts or freezes at a temperature called its melting point and boils or condenses at its boiling point. These temperatures depend on pressure. High pressure favors the denser form of the substance, so typically, high pressure...
5.2K
Laminar Flow: Problem Solving01:24

Laminar Flow: Problem Solving

495
Laminar flow occurs when a fluid moves smoothly in parallel layers with minimal mixing and turbulence. In fluid mechanics, ensuring laminar flow within a pipe is essential for precise control of flow characteristics, especially in engineering applications. The key factor in determining whether flow remains laminar is the Reynolds number, a dimensionless quantity that depends on the fluid's velocity, density, viscosity, and the pipe's diameter. A Reynolds number of 2100 or lower...
495
Ampere-Maxwell's Law: Problem-Solving01:17

Ampere-Maxwell's Law: Problem-Solving

1.1K
A parallel-plate capacitor with capacitance C, whose plates have area A and separation distance d, is connected to a resistor R and a battery of voltage V. The current starts to flow at t = 0. What is the displacement current between the capacitor plates at time t? From the properties of the capacitor, what is the corresponding real current?
To solve the problem, we can use the equations from the analysis of an RC circuit and Maxwell's version of Ampère's law.
For the first part of the...
1.1K

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Updated: Jan 12, 2026

Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers
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Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers

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PhaseXplorer Creates High-Dimensional Phase Diagrams with Closed-Loop Active Learning.

Stef A H Jansen1, Lasse S A Dreyer2, Jule van Basten1

  • 1Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AJ, The Netherlands.

ACS Nano
|November 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

PhaseXplorer accelerates the study of material phase separation using microfluidics, microscopy, and machine learning. This platform creates accurate phase diagrams 100x faster with 10,000x less material.

Keywords:
PhaseXploreractive learningclosed-loopmicrofluidicsphase diagramphase separation

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biophysics
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Phase separation is crucial for material properties and cellular functions.
  • Traditional experimental methods are resource-intensive and limited to low dimensions.
  • Efficiently studying complex phase separation systems is a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an automated platform for efficient and high-throughput study of phase separation systems.
  • To enable the creation of high-dimensional phase diagrams with minimal experimental resources.
  • To overcome the limitations of conventional, low-dimensional investigations.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of microfluidics, microscopy, and machine learning in a closed-loop active learning workflow.
  • Development of an acquisition function for balanced exploration and exploitation to locate phase boundaries.
  • Utilizing a convolutional neural network for real-time image recognition of droplets and phase separation.

Main Results:

  • PhaseXplorer autonomously generates and analyzes samples to obtain accurate phase diagrams.
  • Achieved a 100-fold increase in speed and a 10,000-fold reduction in material consumption compared to traditional methods.
  • Demonstrated creation of a four-dimensional phase diagram for a poly rA model system.

Conclusions:

  • PhaseXplorer offers a standardized, efficient, and resource-sparing approach to phase diagram determination.
  • The platform enables rapid exploration of complex phase behavior in multiple dimensions.
  • This technology significantly advances the study of material properties and cellular functions governed by phase separation.