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Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
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Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

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MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Fabrication of Anisotropic Polymeric Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for CD8+ T Cell Activation
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Modulating antigen processing through metal-organic frameworks to bias adaptive immunity.

Ezra Cho1, Meredith A Davis1, Julia A Nowak1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Controlling nanoparticle vaccine antigen release rate by tuning metal-organic framework (MOF) pore size significantly impacts adaptive immunity. This approach allows for tailored immune responses, enhancing vaccine efficacy and personalized protection.

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Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology in vaccinology
  • Immunology and adaptive immunity
  • Materials science for drug delivery

Background:

  • Nanoparticle vaccines enhance antigen uptake but intracellular processing and release dynamics remain unclear.
  • Understanding antigen release is crucial for optimizing vaccine-induced immune responses.
  • Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) offer tunable properties for controlled antigen delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how modulating antigen release rate from MOF nanoparticles affects adaptive immunity.
  • To determine the influence of MOF pore size on intracellular antigen processing and T cell responses.
  • To explore the potential for personalized vaccine design through controlled antigen release kinetics.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized two MOFs (NU-100x series) with differing pore sizes for ovalbumin (OVA) antigen loading.
  • Assessed antigen release profiles and intracellular processing influenced by MOF pore size.
  • Evaluated downstream CD8+, CD4+ T cell proliferation, cytokine profiles (T_H1/T_H2), and antibody responses (IgG) in vivo.

Main Results:

  • Ovalbumin-loaded NU-1003 showed higher CD8+:CD4+ T cell proliferation and T_H1:T_H2 cytokine ratios.
  • Ovalbumin-loaded NU-1000 induced stronger antigen-specific IgG responses, including higher long-term antibody production and IgG1:IgG2a ratios.
  • SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD)-loaded NU-1000 demonstrated significantly higher IgG1:IgG2a ratios and broader epitope recognition compared to NU-1003.

Conclusions:

  • Antigen release rate, modulated by MOF pore size, critically influences the type and magnitude of vaccine-induced immunity.
  • Controlled antigen release can direct adaptive immune responses, favoring either T cell-mediated immunity or antibody production.
  • This study provides a framework for engineering nanoparticle vaccines with tunable release profiles for personalized immune strategies.