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Related Concept Videos

Positron Emission Tomography01:29

Positron Emission Tomography

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Positron emission tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique involving radiopharmaceuticals — substances that emit short-lived radiation. Although the first PET scanner was introduced in 1961, it took 15 more years before radiopharmaceuticals were combined with the technique and revolutionized its potential.
One of the main requirements of a PET scan is a positron-emitting radioisotope, which is produced in a cyclotron and then attached to a substance used by the part of the body...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 12, 2026

A Basic Positron Emission Tomography System Constructed to Locate a Radioactive Source in a Bi-dimensional Space
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Self-thresholding, 48:2 multiplexed readout circuit for a 3D position sensitive, 100 ps CTR TOF-PET detector.

Shirin Pourashraf1, Joshua W Cates2, Derek R Innes1

  • 1Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America.

Physics in Medicine and Biology
|November 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A new time-of-flight positron emission tomography (TOF-PET) detector uses a low-power charge-division circuit for precise 3D positioning and fast timing. This design enhances resolution and reduces system complexity, power, and cost for improved medical imaging.

Keywords:
100 ps coincidence time resolution3D position sensitiveDOImultiplexed front-end electronicspositron emission tomographyself-thresholdingtime-of-flight

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging Physics
  • Nuclear Instrumentation
  • Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Background:

  • Precise three-dimensional (3D) position resolution is critical for advancing time-of-flight positron emission tomography (TOF-PET) detector performance.
  • Existing TOF-PET systems often face challenges with system complexity, size, power consumption, and cost, limiting their widespread application.
  • Achieving sub-2 mm depth of interaction (DOI) resolution and ~100 picosecond (ps) coincidence time resolution (CTR) is a key goal for next-generation PET scanners.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a compact, low-power 3D position-sensitive scintillator readout circuit for TOF-PET detectors.
  • To enable precise DOI resolution and maintain high CTR performance using a novel charge-division scheme.
  • To reduce system complexity, footprint, power consumption, and cost compared to existing TOF-PET readout architectures.

Main Methods:

  • Implemented a low-power, anger-based charge-division circuit with on-board real-time X/Y processing for 3D position-sensitive readout.
  • Integrated custom low-noise, low-power front-end electronics featuring independently self-thresholding 48:2 multiplexed timing and energy/3D positioning circuits.
  • Utilized 3x3x10 mm³ LGSO crystal elements coupled to silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) for experimental validation of the detector design.

Main Results:

  • Achieved continuous DOI resolution of approximately 1.6 ± 0.3 mm FWHM.
  • Demonstrated an average CTR of 102.5 ± 2.7 ps FWHM across a range of SiPM bias voltages, with <5 ps FWHM variation.
  • Obtained energy resolutions of 18% FWHM (TOT) and 13% FWHM (dynamic TOT) at 511 keV, with event detection down to 31 keV.

Conclusions:

  • The developed 3D position-sensitive scintillator readout circuit effectively enables precise DOI resolution and maintains high CTR performance in TOF-PET detectors.
  • The system achieves significant reductions (≥40%) in component count, footprint, power consumption, and cost compared to previous designs.
  • This compact and efficient readout design offers a promising solution for next-generation, high-performance TOF-PET systems.