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First Derivative Test: Problem Solving01:25

First Derivative Test: Problem Solving

Imagine an asset price that crashes to a low point, rebounds sharply as bargain-hunters step in, and then gradually declines. Such behavior can be modeled with a smooth function whose turning points represent locally overvalued and undervalued regions. A convenient example that captures rebound followed by decay is:The high and low points of this curve are identified using the first derivative test, which determines where the function changes from increasing to decreasing or vice versa. To...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice
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A Progressive Ratio Task with Costly Resets Reveals Adaptive Effort-Delay Trade-Offs.

Zeena M G Rivera1, Kimberly Guerrero Leon1, Megan Cervera1

  • 1Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095.

Eneuro
|November 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The progressive ratio with reset (PRR) task enhances motivation testing by transforming it into an optimization problem. Rats adaptively used the reset lever, approximating optimal foraging strategies but showing a bias towards longer bouts.

Keywords:
decision-makingforagingmotivationprogressive ratio

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral neuroscience
  • Animal behavior
  • Cognitive psychology

Background:

  • The progressive ratio (PR) schedule is a common method for assessing motivation, typically relying on a single breakpoint measure.
  • Existing PR tasks offer limited insight into adaptive decision-making under varying costs and benefits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To modify the PR task into a "PR with reset" (PRR) task, enabling a more nuanced analysis of motivation and decision-making.
  • To investigate how rats adapt their behavior in response to the cost-benefit structure of a foraging-like task.

Main Methods:

  • Rats performed a PR task on one lever, with a second lever available to reset the ratio requirement at the cost of a delay.
  • Researchers derived an optimal strategy for bout length (rewards before reset) and compared rat behavior to this optimum.

Main Results:

  • Rats utilized the reset lever adaptively, with decisions influenced by the reset delay cost.
  • Rat behavior approximated the calculated optimal bout length but demonstrated a consistent bias towards overharvesting (longer bouts).

Conclusions:

  • The PRR task provides a novel framework for studying associative learning and optimal foraging in animal models.
  • This modified task offers deeper insights into how animals adapt to environmental cost-benefit structures, moving beyond simple breakpoint measures.