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Pediatric Tuberculosis: Epidemiology, Disease Spectrum, Diagnosis, and Management

Ben J Marais1, H Simon Schaaf2

  • 1The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Australia ben.marais@health.nsw.gov.au hss@sun.ac.za.

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
|November 3, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Tuberculosis (TB) significantly impacts children in endemic regions, particularly those with poverty and HIV. This review offers guidance on diagnosing, treating, and preventing childhood TB.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Tuberculosis (TB) disproportionately affects young children in high-burden countries.
  • Poverty, social disruption, and HIV co-infection exacerbate the impact of TB in children.
  • Childhood TB represents a critical global health challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current disease burden of tuberculosis in children.
  • To describe the natural history of TB in pediatric populations.
  • To provide updated guidance on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of childhood TB.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of TB in children.
  • Synthesis of epidemiological data on childhood TB.
  • Analysis of current clinical guidelines for pediatric TB management.

Main Results:

  • TB is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in young children globally.
  • Specific risk factors like HIV and poverty increase susceptibility and severity.
  • Effective diagnostic and treatment strategies are crucial for improved outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Comprehensive strategies are needed to address the burden of childhood TB.
  • Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are vital for preventing severe outcomes.
  • Prevention efforts, including vaccination and public health interventions, are essential.

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