A mixed-method scoping review examining parental perspectives on heavy metal exposure in children

Heavy metal exposure is a public health problem, especially in vulnerable populations such as children. A growing body of scholarly research sheds light on the issue of heavy metal exposure among children. However, there are still some gaps in the understanding of the full spectrum of factors that influence awareness and knowledge about the effects of heavy metals on children, especially in African countries. Children exposed to heavy metals primarily receive care from their parents. This scoping study aims to methodically map and synthesise the current literature on parental perspectives on children's exposure to heavy metals.

The methodology employed in this scoping review was based on the techniques outlined by Arksey and O'Malley, as well as the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). The review assessed and further processed articles published in English between 1970 and 2023. The reviews encompassed studies conducted globally with no significant geographical limitations or various methodologies. This review primarily focused on qualitative studies in the search strategy. It also included survey and questionnaire studies, in addition to other search terms. The authors synthesised the results via descriptive and narrative analysis.

The scoping review examined and included 30 publications out of the 424 records that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The study identified four primary elements that contribute to parental experiences: knowledge regarding the health consequences of heavy metal exposure, factors that contribute to elevated levels of heavy metal exposure in children, approaches to reduce heavy metal exposure, and factors that hinder or support behavioural modifications in parents of children with heavy metal exposure.

Parents' experiences with children exposed to lead vary by area and remain inadequately understood, particularly in low-income countries. There is an increased need for parental knowledge and active prevention measures regarding heavy metal exposure. The consequences of exposure can be dire, underscoring the urgency and seriousness of this public health issue. Therefore, further study is necessary to clarify the fundamental concepts that inform practice and policy.