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Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

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The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
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Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation01:12

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Some cycloaddition reactions are activated by heat, while others are initiated by light. For example, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition between two ethylene molecules occurs only in the presence of light. It is photochemically allowed but thermally forbidden.
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

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Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into...
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Updated: Jan 12, 2026

[DPEPhosbcpCu]PF6: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst
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Two-in-One Strategy for Photoinduced Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Using Cu(I)-Phenothiazine Integrated

Qiongshan Zhang1,2, Congying Song1, Xue Li1

  • 1College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Power Grid Environmental Protection, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|November 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed novel copper-containing covalent organic frameworks (COFs) for efficient photocatalysis. These materials enable fast, recyclable polymerization, overcoming key challenges in industrial polymer production.

Keywords:
Large‐scale polymer productionPhoto‐ATRPRecyclabilityTwo‐in‐one catalysts

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Developing efficient photocatalysts (PCs) for rapid reactions and easy recycling is crucial for large-scale polymer production.
  • Current heterogeneous PCs for photoinduced atom transfer radical polymerization (photo-ATRP) face limitations in performance and recyclability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and synthesize novel "two-in-one" photocatalysts for enhanced photo-ATRP.
  • To achieve high catalytic efficiency, stability, and recyclability for industrial polymer synthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized imine-linked covalent organic frameworks (COFs) incorporating a cyclic trinuclear Cu(I) complex.
  • Evaluated the performance of Cu(I)-containing COFs in aqueous photo-ATRP.
  • Assessed catalyst stability, recovery, and process compatibility in a microreactor.

Main Results:

  • The Cu(I)-containing COFs exhibited record-breaking turnover number (TON) of 1640 and turnover frequency (TOF) of 82 min⁻¹.
  • Achieved narrow polymer dispersity (Đ = 1.20), indicating controlled polymerization.
  • Demonstrated excellent operational stability and near-quantitative catalyst recovery.
  • Enabled scalable, one-pot synthesis of block copolymers without intermediate purification.

Conclusions:

  • The "two-in-one" COF design offers a highly efficient and recyclable catalytic system for photo-ATRP.
  • These novel materials show significant promise for sustainable and scalable polymer manufacturing.
  • The demonstrated process compatibility highlights their potential for industrial applications.