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Related Concept Videos

Field Effect Transistor01:29

Field Effect Transistor

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Field-effect transistors (FETs) are integral to electronic circuits and distinguished by their three-terminal setup: the gate, drain, and source. These transistors operate as unipolar devices, which utilize either electrons or holes as charge carriers, in contrast to bipolar transistors, which use both types of carriers. The primary function of the FET is to modulate the flow of these carriers from the source to the drain through a channel. The voltage difference between the gate and source...
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Ester-End-Capped Semiconducting Polymers for High-Performance Field-Effect Transistors Processed from Nonhalogenated

Yu Zhang1, Xinyi Zhu1, Kaiqing Liu1

  • 1Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, College of Smart Materials and Future Energy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|November 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary

An ester-end-capping strategy enhances the solubility and molecular packing of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based polymer semiconductors. This enables environmentally friendly processing in nonhalogenated solvents, achieving high performance in organic field-effect transistors.

Keywords:
end-capping strategynonhalogenated solvent processingorganic field-effect transistorpolymer semiconductorsolution preaggregation

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Organic Electronics

Background:

  • High-performance polymer semiconductors often suffer from poor solubility in eco-friendly nonhalogenated solvents.
  • Optimizing molecular packing is crucial for achieving high charge carrier mobility in polymer semiconductors.
  • Traditional processing methods frequently rely on halogenated solvents, posing environmental concerns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop high-performance, nonhalogenated solvent-processable polymer semiconductors using diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) building blocks.
  • To investigate the effect of ester-end-capping on polymer solubility, molecular packing, and thin-film morphology.
  • To evaluate the performance of resulting polymer semiconductors in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs).

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of DPP-based polymers with benzoate ester end-groups.
  • Solubility testing in various nonhalogenated solvents (toluene, p-xylene).
  • Characterization of molecular packing and solid-state morphology using techniques like cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM).
  • Fabrication and electrical characterization of OFET devices.

Main Results:

  • Ester-end-capping significantly improved polymer solubility (>12 mg·mL⁻¹ in toluene and p-xylene).
  • End-capped polymers exhibited enhanced π-π stacking and increased crystallite coherence length (CCL) due to ordered molecular packing.
  • Linear alkyl ester chains (DPPTT-Ester-L) promoted better molecular ordering and larger CCL compared to branched chains (DPPTT-Ester-B).
  • OFETs based on DPPTT-Ester-L processed in p-xylene achieved a high hole mobility of 3.19 cm²V⁻¹s⁻¹, outperforming unmodified polymers and those processed with halogenated solvents.

Conclusions:

  • Ester-end-capping is an effective strategy for enhancing the solubility and processability of DPP-based polymer semiconductors in nonhalogenated solvents.
  • Tailoring the alkyl chain structure of end-groups allows fine-tuning of solution-state aggregation and solid-state molecular packing.
  • This approach enables the development of high-performance, environmentally friendly polymer electronic devices.