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Updated: Jan 12, 2026

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Baseline Functional Testing in Competitive Youth Swimmers.

Matthew Naftilan1, Steven D Ciliotta2, Nicole Duggan2

  • 1HSS Sports Rehab Provided By Stamford Health Stamford Hospital.

International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy
|November 4, 2025
PubMed
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This study establishes normative values for functional upper extremity tests in uninjured youth swimmers. These benchmarks aid in return-to-sport decisions after shoulder injuries.

Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Orthopedics
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Youth swimmers frequently experience shoulder injuries.
  • Functional testing is crucial for assessing return-to-sport readiness.
  • The closed kinetic chain upper extremity stability test (CKCUEST) and prone ball drop tests are proposed functional assessments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish normative values for the CKCUEST and prone ball drop tests.
  • To assess these tests in uninjured competitive youth swimmers.
  • To provide benchmarks for elbow extended and elbow bent positions.

Main Methods:

  • An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted.
  • Fifty-three uninjured competitive youth swimmers participated.
  • CKCUEST and prone ball drop tests were performed, with data analyzed by sex and age groups (10-14 and 15-18).
Keywords:
Functional TestHumansReturn to SportShoulderSwimming

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Main Results:

  • CKCUEST showed a mean of 17.8 ± 3.5 touches.
  • Ball drop repetitions were higher with the elbow extended (dominant vs. non-dominant: 31.8 vs. 28.6) and elbow bent (43.7 vs. 39.6).
  • Swimmers aged 15-18 demonstrated significantly more repetitions than the 10-14 age group across all tests (p<0.05).

Conclusions:

  • Provides baseline normative data for three upper extremity functional tests.
  • Establishes reference values for uninjured competitive youth swimmers.
  • Supports the use of these tests in return-to-activity decision-making for young athletes.