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Updated: Jan 12, 2026

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Zwitterionic Photocurable Resin for High-Resolution 3D Printing of Ultralow-Fouling Microstructures.

Kun Wang1, Natalie Hwee2, Wade Degraff1

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.

Small Methods
|November 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary

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This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel 3D-printable resin, carboxybetaine di-methacrylamide (CBDA), for advanced microstructures. This material offers superior antifouling properties and mechanical strength for biocompatible applications.

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biotechnology
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Conventional 3D-printable resins struggle to balance antifouling properties with mechanical strength for biocompatible applications.
  • Nature utilizes zwitterionic surfaces with hydration layers to prevent protein and cell adhesion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a zwitterionic photoresist for high-resolution 3D printing of microarchitectures.
  • To create materials with excellent antifouling characteristics and robust mechanical performance for biomedical and soft robotics applications.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a zwitterionic acrylamide-based photoresist: carboxybetaine di-methacrylamide (CBDA).
  • Utilizing projection-based vat photopolymerization for fabricating complex microarchitectures.
  • Assessing antifouling properties via porcine blood assays and evaluating mechanical performance.
Keywords:
3D printingmetamaterialprojection stereolithographyultralow‐fouling materialszwitterionic photoresist

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Main Results:

  • CBDA enables the fabrication of complex microarchitectures with exceptional antifouling properties.
  • Printed structures demonstrate strong resistance to protein and cell adhesion.
  • The material exhibits robust mechanical performance and resistance to swelling.

Conclusions:

  • The developed CBDA resin formulation provides a versatile strategy for creating microscale devices and surfaces.
  • This approach addresses the critical need for both antifouling performance and structural integrity in advanced materials.
  • Applications span biomedical interfaces, soft robotics, and other fields requiring biocompatible microstructures.