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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)

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Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
Similar to cross-metathesis, ADMET also involves the formation of metallacyclobutane intermediate by [2+2] cycloaddition of one of the double bonds of a terminal diene with...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview

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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
Ruthenium-based Grubbs catalyst is the most commonly used catalyst for olefin metathesis polymerization. Grubbs catalyst consists of a...
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Updated: Jan 12, 2026

Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers
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Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers

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Cationic-Catalyst Strategy Enabling Ultrafast and Controlled Polymerization and Efficient Depolymerization Toward a

Kang Chen1,2,3, Yueming Wu1,2,4, Minzhang Chen2,4

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|November 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chemists developed a new cationic catalyst for ultrafast synthesis of amino acid (AA) polymers. This catalyst also enables efficient closed-loop recycling of AA polymers, offering a sustainable solution for polymer waste.

Keywords:
Amino acid polymerCationic‐catalyst strategyCircular polymer economyNCA polymerizationUltrafast and controlled polymerization

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Sustainable Materials

Background:

  • Growing polymer waste necessitates chemically recyclable solutions.
  • Amino acid (AA) polymers are crucial for a circular polymer economy.
  • Existing N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) polymerization methods for AA polymers lack molecular weight control and suffer from side reactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a highly efficient cationic-catalyst strategy for ultrafast, controlled AA polymer synthesis.
  • To enable closed-loop recycling of AA polymers using the developed catalyst.
  • To demonstrate the scalability and practical applications of the catalyst in polymerization and depolymerization.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a novel cationic-catalyst strategy for N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) polymerization.
  • Compatibility testing with various organic strong base initiators.
  • Hectogram-scale (∼120 g) synthesis of AA polymers.
  • Evaluation of the catalyst's efficiency in depolymerizing AA polymers back to amino acids.
  • Assessment of catalyst recyclability.

Main Results:

  • Achieved ultrafast, molecular weight-controlled AA polymer synthesis within minutes on a hectogram scale.
  • Demonstrated efficient depolymerization of AA polymers into amino acids with an 85.9% recovery rate.
  • Confirmed quantitative recyclability of the cationic catalyst.

Conclusions:

  • The developed cationic-catalyst strategy offers a robust, scalable, and efficient method for both AA polymer synthesis and recycling.
  • This approach holds significant potential for advancing the circular polymer economy and managing polymer waste sustainably.
  • The catalyst facilitates practical applications in polymerization and depolymerization chemistry.