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Channel Rhodopsins

Channel Rhodopsins

Most organisms use photoreceptors to sense and respond to light. Examples of photoreceptors include bacteriorhodopsins and bacteriophytochromes in some bacteria, phytochromes in plants, and rhodopsins in the photoreceptor cells of the vertebral retina. The light-sensitive property of these receptors is because of the bound chromophores, such as bilin in the phytochromes and retinal in the rhodopsins.
Rhodopsins belong to the family of cell surface proteins called G-protein coupled receptors,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 12, 2026

Optogenetic Manipulation of Neuronal Activity to Modulate Behavior in Freely Moving Mice

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Published on: October 27, 2020

Optogenetic Cancer Therapy Using the Light-Driven Outward Proton Pump Rhodopsin Archaerhodopsin-3 (AR3).

Shin Nakao¹, Keiichi Kojima^1,2, Keita Sato^1,2

¹Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|November 4, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study shows a new optical cancer therapy using Archaerhodopsin-3 (AR3) to induce cancer cell death. This targeted approach effectively reduced tumor growth in mice, offering a promising new treatment with fewer side effects.

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Molecular Biology
Oncology

Background:

Cancer therapies often damage healthy cells, leading to severe side effects.
Nonspecific drug diffusion is a major cause of these adverse events.
Targeted therapeutic strategies are needed to improve cancer treatment outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate Archaerhodopsin-3 (AR3) as a targeted optical therapy for cancer.
To investigate AR3-mediated induction of apoptotic cell death in cancer cells and tumors.
To assess the potential of this method for reducing side effects in cancer treatment.

Main Methods:

AR3 was expressed in murine cancer cell lines (MC38, B16F10).
Apoptotic cell death was induced using green light irradiation.
AR3-expressing cells were transplanted into mice to form tumors.
Tumor growth and apoptosis markers were analyzed after light stimulation.

Main Results:

AR3-expressing cancer cells exhibited apoptosis upon green light exposure.
AR3-expressing tumors showed significant growth suppression or reduction after irradiation.
Apoptosis signals increased while proliferation signals decreased in treated tumors.
This optical method demonstrated potent antitumor effects both in vitro and in vivo.

Conclusions:

AR3-mediated optical therapy effectively induces cancer cell death and inhibits tumor growth.
This approach shows promise as a novel anticancer strategy with potentially reduced side effects.
Targeted induction of apoptosis via AR3 offers a new avenue for cancer treatment.