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Likert Scales: A Practical Guide to Design, Construction and Use.

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This study reviews Likert-type scales, identifying key areas for improvement in their construction and application. It proposes practical guidelines to optimize the use of these widely applied assessment tools in research.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychometrics
  • Survey Methodology
  • Statistical Analysis

Background:

  • Likert-type scales, developed in 1932, are widely used assessment tools in various scientific and professional fields.
  • Their simplicity and effectiveness have led to broad adoption.
  • However, their optimal construction, analysis, and application require critical review.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically review the current use of Likert-type scales.
  • To propose practical guidelines for optimizing the design, analysis, and application of Likert scales.
  • To enhance the reliability and validity of data collected using these scales.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature review was conducted.
  • The review focused on existing guidelines for the development, analysis, scoring, use, and interpretation of Likert scales.
  • This approach synthesized current best practices and identified areas for improvement.

Main Results:

  • Identified critical areas for enhancing Likert scale construction and usage.
  • Key areas include operational definition of constructs, item formulation, and response category selection.
  • Improvements are also needed in response analysis, validity evidence collection, item calibration, and score interpretation.

Conclusions:

  • A practical guide with fifteen recommendations is proposed.
  • Ten recommendations focus on the appropriate design, construction, and analysis of Likert scales.
  • Five recommendations guide the appropriate use of pre-existing Likert scales by researchers and practitioners.