Exploring advancements and emerging trends in nanozyme engineering to enhance dual-mode analysis of bacterial...

Detecting pathogenic microorganisms is crucial for controlling infectious diseases, protecting human health, and ensuring the safety of food and water. The integration of nanozymes with dual-modal sensing technologies offers a promising strategy to enhance bacterial diagnostics by improving accuracy, providing significant flexibility, and enabling broad-range detection. Due to their superior catalytic properties, nanozymes have been incorporated into numerous dual-mode biosensing systems. They offer several advantages, including cost-effectiveness, high stability, biocompatibility, and ease of surface modification. Among these, dual-mode biosensing-which produces two output signals-can combine fluorescent, photothermal, colorimetric, SERS, or electrochemical methods. This approach provides significant benefits for real-time and sensitive analysis, as well as advances in point-of-care (POC) devices. This comprehensive review offers a detailed foundational analysis of various nanozyme-based dual-mode sensing methods i.e. colorimetric/photothermal, colorimetric/SERS, colorimetric/fluorometric, colorimetric/electrochemical, and colorimetric/photoelectrochemical techniques. Additionally, it highlights their applications as high-performance platforms for the effective detection of bacterial pathogens. Finally, potential research directions to advance this field further are proposed.