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Penis

Penis

The penis serves a dual role in sexual reproduction and urination. It consists of three main regions: the glans penis, the body, and the root, each with distinct functions and unique anatomical features.
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Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

Imaging Denatured Collagen Strands In vivo and Ex vivo via Photo-triggered Hybridization of Caged Collagen Mimetic Peptides

Imaging Denatured Collagen Strands In vivo and Ex vivo via Photo-triggered Hybridization of Caged Collagen Mimetic Peptides

Published on: January 31, 2014

Injectable aptamer-functionalized nucleic acid-collagen hydrogels as a bioactive platform for angiogenic

Nikolaos Pipis¹, Dmitry O Traktuev², Zeyu Liu³

¹Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA.

Biomaterials Advances

|November 4, 2025

Summary

Injectable nucleic acid-collagen complexes (NACCs) hydrogels promote new blood vessel formation by activating VEGFR-2. This biocompatible material supports regenerative medicine applications without systemic inflammation.

Keywords:

Bioactive hydrogel DNA-collagen complexes Endothelial cells Tunable biomaterials VEGFR-2 agonist aptamer Vasculogenesis

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Last Updated: May 4, 2026

Imaging Denatured Collagen Strands In vivo and Ex vivo via Photo-triggered Hybridization of Caged Collagen Mimetic Peptides

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Published on: January 31, 2014

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Published on: October 7, 2016

Injectable Supramolecular Polymer-Nanoparticle Hydrogels for Cell and Drug Delivery Applications

Injectable Supramolecular Polymer-Nanoparticle Hydrogels for Cell and Drug Delivery Applications

Published on: February 7, 2021

Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Regenerative Medicine
Vascular Biology

Background:

Nucleic acid-collagen complexes (NACCs) are self-assembled biomaterials using type I collagen and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA).
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is crucial for tissue repair and regeneration.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop injectable NACCs functionalized with a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) activating aptamer for promoting localized angiogenesis.
To evaluate the stability, injectability, in vitro biological activity, and in vivo efficacy of these engineered NACCs.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of NACCs via self-assembly of collagen and ssDNA, functionalized with a VEGFR-2 aptamer.
Assessment of aptamer stability in nuclease-rich environments and hydrogel rheology for injectability.
In vitro studies using endothelial cells in 3D culture to evaluate cell behavior and vascular structure formation.
In vivo subcutaneous implantation in mice to assess host cell infiltration, tissue remodeling, angiogenesis, and systemic inflammation via cytokine analysis.

Main Results:

The VEGFR-2 aptamer within NACCs remained protected from degradation and the hydrogel exhibited shear-thinning properties for 25G needle injectability.
In vitro, NACCs supported endothelial cell attachment, spreading, proliferation, and the formation of vascular-like structures.
In vivo, implanted mice showed significant host cell infiltration, tissue remodeling, and robust new blood vessel formation without exogenous factors.
Minimal systemic inflammation was observed, with low or undetectable cytokine levels in plasma, confirming biocompatibility.

Conclusions:

ssDNA aptamer-functionalized NACCs form a bioactive, injectable hydrogel platform for promoting angiogenesis.
This platform demonstrates translational relevance for regenerative medicine by supporting pro-angiogenic remodeling and exhibiting excellent biocompatibility.