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Cannabis use and risk of testicular germ cell tumour: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Mehdi Kardoust Parizi1,2, Ichiro Tsuboi1,3, Akihiro Matsukawa1,4

  • 1Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

BJU International
|November 4, 2025
PubMed
Abstract

Insights

Cannabis use is linked to a higher risk of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT), especially non-seminomatous types. This finding underscores the need for further research into cannabis

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Epidemiology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Emerging evidence suggests a potential link between cannabis use and testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT).
  • Understanding this association is crucial given the increasing prevalence of cannabis consumption.
  • Cannabis exposure has been implicated as a risk factor for TGCT development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and analyze the association between cannabis use and the risk of developing TGCT.
  • To synthesize findings from existing studies to quantify the risk.
  • To identify cannabis use as a modifiable risk factor for TGCT.

Main Methods:

  • Searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases in November 2024.
  • Included studies comparing males with cannabis use to non-users, focusing on TGCT development.
  • Utilized multivariable analyses and extracted odds ratios (ORs) and hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for quantitative analysis.

Main Results:

  • Five studies (3 case-control, 2 cohort) were included from 86 identified articles.
  • Current cannabis use showed a significant association with increased TGCT risk (OR 1.62).
  • Long-term (≥10 years) cannabis use (OR 1.68) and ever use were associated with increased risk of non-seminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT) (OR 1.71).

Conclusions:

  • Cannabis use is identified as a significant, modifiable risk factor for TGCT, particularly NSGCT.
  • The findings emphasize the need for further investigation into biological mechanisms.
  • Further research is required to confirm these associations in diverse populations amidst increasing cannabis availability.
Keywords:
cannabisincidencemarijuanarisk factortesticular cancertesticular germ cell tumour

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