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Updated: Jan 12, 2026

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion

Published on: April 11, 2018

Projectile deformation on human bone and on a polyurethane simulant.

W Kerkhoff¹, E J A T Mattijssen², R R van Rijn^3,4

¹Department of Chemical and Physical Traces, Netherlands Forensic Institute, the Hague, the Netherlands. w.kerkhoff@nfi.nl.

International Journal of Legal Medicine

|November 4, 2025

Summary

Polyurethane bone simulants deform projectiles less than human bone, questioning their use in forensic studies. Projectile deformation in human bone correlates with the outer table thickness.

Keywords:

Bone simulant Calvaria Cranium Human bone Polyurethane Skull Synbone

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Area of Science:

Forensic Science
Biomechanics
Materials Science

Background:

Polyurethane bone simulants are frequently utilized in ballistic testing for forensic and medico-legal applications.
Accurate simulation of bone behavior under ballistic impact is crucial for forensic investigations.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the deformation of projectiles impacting human bone versus polyurethane bone simulants.
To evaluate the suitability of polyurethane simulants for medico-legal studies involving projectile deformation and trajectory analysis.

Main Methods:

Ductile 5.5 mm spheres were propelled at a mean velocity of 279 m/s.
Projectiles were fired at both freshly embalmed human cranial bone and polyurethane bone simulant samples.
Projectile deformation was measured after perforation of each sample type.

Main Results:

Projectiles exhibited greater deformation when perforating human bone compared to polyurethane simulants.
Neither overall bone thickness nor simulant thickness significantly influenced the degree of projectile deformation.
A positive correlation was observed between projectile deformation and the thickness of the tabula externa in human bone samples.

Conclusions:

The findings raise concerns about the reliability of polyurethane bone simulants for medico-legal and forensic studies, particularly in reconstructing bullet deformation and trajectory.
Current polyurethane simulants may not accurately replicate the mechanical response of human bone in ballistic scenarios.
Further research is needed to develop more accurate bone simulants for forensic ballistics.