Applications and challenges of 3D printing in female reproductive system research

The optimal functioning of the female reproductive system is crucial for human health, since failure frequently results in significant repercussions for fertility, sexual health, and general quality of life. These organs function through a meticulously coordinated and precisely regulated mechanism to facilitate oocyte production and embryonic development. Recently, 3D printing has become a formidable approach for producing intricate, biomimetic objects with exceptional spatial accuracy. Substantial attempts were undertaken to integrate living cells and bioactive chemicals into printed constructions for biomedical purposes. This review presents a thorough investigation of works employing 3D printing within the realm of the female reproductive system. We classified these studies based on their principal applications-tissue engineering, drug delivery, and disease modeling-and described essential data about printing methodologies, bioinks, cell types, animal models, integrated bioactive compounds, and outcomes.