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Breakfast Habits among Schoolchildren in the City of Uruguaiana, Brazil
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Federal Nutrition Assistance Programs and UltraProcessed Food Intake among Preschool-Aged Children.

Ashley Drengler1, Evan C Sommer2, Nadia M Sneed3

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.

Current Developments in Nutrition
|November 5, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Ultraprocessed food (UPF) intake remains high among low-income preschoolers, exceeding 60% of daily calories. Participation in nutrition assistance programs like SNAP or WIC did not significantly alter UPF consumption levels in this vulnerable population.

Keywords:
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, ChildrenSupplemental Nutrition Assistance Programfederal nutrition programslow-incomepreschool childrenultraprocessed foods

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Nutrition
  • Public Health Policy
  • Dietary Intake Analysis

Background:

  • Ultraprocessed foods (UPFs) constitute a significant portion of daily calories for children in the U.S., indicating poor diet quality.
  • UPF consumption patterns among low-income preschool-aged children, particularly those enrolled in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) or Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), are not well-documented.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the association between enrollment in SNAP and/or WIC and the consumption of UPFs by children.
  • To investigate the relationship between participation in SNAP and WIC, food insecurity, and UPF intake in low-income preschoolers.

Main Methods:

  • Secondary cohort analysis of a childhood obesity prevention randomized controlled trial (RCT).
  • Included 610 predominantly Latino parent-child pairs from low-income families.
  • Assessed baseline participation in SNAP, WIC, both, or neither, and child UPF caloric intake using linear mixed-effects models.

Main Results:

  • Analysis of 582 participants revealed a median UPF caloric intake of 62.5% at baseline.
  • No statistically significant relationship was found between SNAP/WIC program participation and UPF intake.
  • The interaction between assistance program use and household food insecurity did not significantly affect UPF consumption.

Conclusions:

  • Low-income preschoolers, predominantly Latino, exhibit high UPF intake (over 60% of calories).
  • SNAP and/or WIC participation did not significantly influence the percentage of calories children consumed from UPFs.
  • Food insecurity status did not modify the relationship between assistance program participation and UPF intake.