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Engineering of a graphene oxide-based 2D platform for immune activation and modulation
Despoina Despotopoulou1,2, Maria Stylianou3,4, Luis M Arellano1
1Nanomedicine Lab, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
Journal of Materials Chemistry. B
|November 5, 2025
Summary
Graphene oxide nanosheets effectively carry Resiquimod (R848), forming stable nano-constructs. These complexes maintain R848
Area of Science:
- Nanomedicine
- Immunology
- Materials Science
Background:
- Nanoscale tools offer targeted immunomodulation.
- Graphene oxide (GO) is a 2D material with potential for drug delivery.
Purpose of the Study:
- To design and characterize nanoscale constructs using GO as a carrier for Resiquimod (R848).
- To evaluate the physicochemical properties and biological activity of GO:R848 complexes.
Main Methods:
- Complexation of R848 with GO nanosheets.
- Physicochemical characterization using HPLC, UV-vis, AFM, SEM, Raman spectroscopy, FTIR, XPS, and XRD.
- In vitro evaluation of macrophage activation.
Main Results:
- GO:R848 nano-constructs were successfully formed via non-covalent π-π interactions.
- R848 loading efficiency was approximately 75%.
- Complexation retained GO nanosheet morphology and R848's biological activity, effectively activating macrophages.
Conclusions:
- Graphene oxide serves as a stable platform for non-covalent association with TLR7/8 agonists like R848.
- The resulting GO:R848 complexes are reproducible and show potential as immunomodulatory agents.
