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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 12, 2026

$In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Using Custom-made Lithium-ion Batteries$

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Published on: November 10, 2014

Space Charge Layer Evolution in All-Solid-State Batteries Probed via Operando Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy and

Chao Zhu¹, Shigeru Kobayashi², Yuki Sugisawa³

¹Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.

|November 5, 2025

Summary

Controversial space charge layers in solid-state batteries (ASSBs) were clarified using advanced microscopy and analysis. The study found these layers have a minor impact on interfacial resistance, paving the way for improved ASSB development.

Keywords:

Kelvin probe all-solid-state batteries nondestructive nuclear reaction analysis scanning force microscope space charge layer

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Published on: March 7, 2018

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Solid-State Ionics

Background:

Space charge layers at solid-solid interfaces are critical but poorly understood in solid-state batteries (ASSBs).
Existing controversies hinder the development of improved interfaces and overall ASSB performance.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role and characteristics of space charge layers in ASSBs.
To quantitatively determine the interfacial resistance contribution of space charge layers.

Main Methods:

Utilized operando heterodyne Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and operando nuclear reaction analysis (NRA).
Studied a model thin-film ASSB: lithium (Li)|Li3PO4 (LPO)|LiCoO2 (LCO).
Operated the battery within a voltage range of 3.0 to 4.3 V vs Li/Li+.

Main Results:

Identified a space charge layer (<50 nm width) primarily at the LPO|LCO interface, caused by Li-ion redistribution.
Quantitatively determined the interfacial space charge layer resistance, with a maximum of 18.4–19.1 Ω cm² at 4.3 V vs Li/Li+.
Demonstrated that space charge layer resistance is significantly smaller than bulk solid electrolyte resistance in the studied ASSB.

Conclusions:

Resolved controversies regarding the role of space charge layers in ASSBs.
Advanced understanding of space charge layer evolution at solid electrolyte-electrode interfaces using KPFM and NRA.
The findings suggest space charge layers have a limited impact on overall interfacial resistance in optimized ASSBs.