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Related Concept Videos

Clathrin Coated Vesicles01:12

Clathrin Coated Vesicles

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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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Assembly of the Lipid Bilayer in the ER01:28

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Biological membranes are more than just a barrier separating cell cytoplasm from the outside environment. They are highly dynamic and help maintain the integrity and physiological stability of the cells as well as membrane-bound organelles. Membranes also play vital roles in cell-to-cell and intracellular communication.
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Membrane Fluidity01:26

Membrane Fluidity

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Membrane fluidity is explained by the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, which describes the plasma membrane structure as a mosaic of components—including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid character.
Mosaic nature of the membrane
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Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles01:32

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Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
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Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer01:35

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Biological membranes show uneven distribution of different types of lipids in the inner and outer layers, resulting in transverse asymmetric membranes. The treatment of the erythrocyte membrane with the enzyme phospholipase confirmed the asymmetric nature of the lipid bilayer. The enzyme hydrolyzes lipids into fatty acids and hydrophilic groups. The phospholipase acts only on the outer layer of the membrane, while the inner layer remains intact. The phospholipase treatment resulted in 80%...
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Updated: Jan 12, 2026

Spontaneous Formation and Rearrangement of Artificial Lipid Nanotube Networks as a Bottom-Up Model for Endoplasmic Reticulum
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From Shallow to Full Wrapping: Geometry and Deformability Dictate Lipid Vesicle Internalization.

Stijn van der Ham1, Alexander Brown2, Halim Kusumaatmaja3

  • 1Active Soft Matter and Bio-inspired Materials Lab, Faculty of Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.

Nano Letters
|November 5, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Vesicle deformability and adhesion control engulfment, impacting processes like endocytosis and drug delivery. Researchers developed a tunable system to understand and control vesicle wrapping, establishing a mechanical criterion for uptake.

Keywords:
Drug deliveryEndocytosisGiant unilamellar vesiclesMembrane wrapping

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Rapid Encapsulation of Reconstituted Cytoskeleton Inside Giant Unilamellar Vesicles
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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Cell Biology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Vesicle deformability and adhesion are crucial for membrane processes like endocytosis and viral entry.
  • Understanding these mechanics is key to advancing drug delivery and intercellular transport.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a mechanical criterion for vesicle engulfment by lipid membranes.
  • To develop a tunable experimental system for studying vesicle-membrane interactions and engulfment dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) interacting via depletion-induced adhesion.
  • Combined experimental approaches with continuum simulations and 3D confocal reconstructions.
  • Quantified the bendocapillary length to understand membrane bending versus adhesion competition.

Main Results:

  • Constructed a state diagram for endo- and exocytic engulfment of small GUVs by larger ones.
  • Demonstrated that vesicle size relative to bendocapillary length dictates engulfment geometry.
  • Showcased light-induced switching between wrapping states using photoresponsive lipids.

Conclusions:

  • Established a mechanical criterion governing vesicle engulfment, dependent on deformability and adhesion.
  • Developed a versatile platform for studying soft cargo uptake and membrane dynamics.
  • The findings provide insights into fundamental biological processes and potential therapeutic applications.