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Lagging Strand Synthesis01:59

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During replication, the complementary strands in double-stranded DNA are synthesized at different rates. Replication first begins on the leading strand. Replication starts later, occurs more slowly, and proceeds discontinuously on the lagging strand.
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DNA replication is carried out by a large complex of proteins that act in a coordinated matter to achieve high-fidelity DNA replication. Together this complex is known as the DNA replication machinery or the replisome.
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DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart,...
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Before a cell can divide, it must accurately replicate all of its chromosomes, including the DNA and its associated histone and non-histone proteins.  This process begins at numerous origins of replication during the S phase of the cell cycle in each of a cell’s chromosomes simultaneously. Certain nucleotides can act as origins of replication, but these sequences are not well defined - especially in complex, multi-cellular, eukaryotic species. The length of DNA that spans an origin...
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DNA replication involves the separation of the two strands of the double helix, with each strand serving as a template from which the new complementary strand is copied.  After replication, each double-stranded DNA includes one parental or “old” strand and one “new” strand. This is known as semiconservative replication. The resulting DNA molecules have the same sequence and are divided equally into the two daughter cells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 12, 2026

Genome-wide Determination of Mammalian Replication Timing by DNA Content Measurement
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Temporal momentum: an online replication and beyond.

Manuel Vencato1, Marco Zorzi1,2, Mario Bonato3

  • 1Department of General Psychology and Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.

Psychological Research
|November 5, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mental arithmetic affects time perception, with addition lengthening perceived duration and subtraction shortening it. This temporal momentum effect is reliable and occurs regardless of operand order, suggesting shared mechanisms with spatial processing.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Psychophysics

Background:

  • Mental arithmetic operations can distort the perception of time.
  • Temporal momentum, analogous to representational momentum, describes operation-specific time distortions.
  • Previous research showed addition lengthens and subtraction shortens perceived time durations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To replicate and validate the temporal momentum effect using an online data collection procedure.
  • To investigate if operand order influences the temporal momentum effect in subtraction.
  • To explore the relationship between temporal and spatial processing in cognitive tasks.

Main Methods:

  • Direct replication of a temporal arithmetic task using an online time reproduction paradigm.
  • Experiment 1: Assessed the reliability of temporal momentum via online data collection.
  • Experiment 2: Manipulated operand order in subtraction to test its influence on temporal momentum.

Main Results:

  • The temporal momentum effect was reliably replicated using an online procedure, matching previous laboratory findings.
  • Temporal momentum in subtraction persisted even when operand order was varied.
  • The results confirmed that temporal momentum is not an artifact of stimulus ordering.

Conclusions:

  • The temporal momentum effect is a robust phenomenon indexing mental manipulation of time.
  • Operand order does not account for the time distortions observed in subtraction.
  • Time perception shares processing features with spatial representation, supporting a unified cognitive architecture.