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Microbial necromass analogues reshape composting humification pathways.

Wenjie Chen1, Yan Yang2, Su Chang2

  • 1College of Resources and Environmental Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China; School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.

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|November 5, 2025
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Summary

Adding N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) or chitin to compost alters microbial activity and humification. These necromass analogues reprogram metabolic pathways, influencing compost quality and carbon stabilization.

Keywords:
ChitinHumificationMetagenomeMicrobial necromassN-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc)

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Area of Science:

  • Soil Science
  • Microbiology
  • Biogeochemistry

Background:

  • Microbial necromass is crucial for soil carbon stabilization.
  • The precise role of necromass in compost humification is not fully understood.
  • Understanding humification pathways is key for organic waste management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) and chitin on pig manure composting.
  • To elucidate the mechanistic role of microbial necromass analogues in humification.
  • To determine how these analogues affect physicochemical properties, microbial communities, and humic substance formation.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of metagenomics, quantitative necromass tracing, and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM).
  • Systematic investigation of composting processes with GlcNAc and chitin additions.
  • Analysis of physicochemical properties, microbial community dynamics, and necromass transformation.

Main Results:

  • Both GlcNAc and chitin significantly altered composting properties and microbial communities.
  • Chitin enhanced early microbial biomass and diversity but inhibited humic acid (HA) formation, favoring fulvic acid (FA) accumulation.
  • GlcNAc promoted bacterial proliferation in maturation, reduced diversity, increased FA, and resulted in less complex humic substances (HS).
  • Metagenomic and PLS-SEM revealed that analogues reprogrammed humification pathways, shifting towards simpler metabolic routes and decoupling necromass from stable HA formation.

Conclusions:

  • Targeted regulation of necromass transformation can optimize humification efficiency and HS molecular characteristics.
  • This study provides mechanistic insights into necromass's role in compost humification.
  • Findings lay a foundation for improved organic waste utilization and composting process control.