Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

15.9K
The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
15.9K
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

4.4K
4.4K
Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

9.3K
The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
9.3K
Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

8.6K
Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein....
8.6K
The Nucleosome Core Particle01:12

The Nucleosome Core Particle

2.1K
Nucleosomes are the DNA-histone complex, where the DNA strand is wound around the histone core. The histone core is an octamer containing two copies of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone proteins.
Nucleosomes, paradoxically, perform two opposite functions simultaneously. On the one hand, their primary aim is to protect the delicate DNA strands from physical damage and help achieve a higher compaction ratio. On the other hand, they must allow polymerase enzymes to access histone-bound DNA during...
2.1K
The Nucleosome Core Particle02:10

The Nucleosome Core Particle

14.1K
Nucleosomes are the DNA-histone complex, where the DNA strand is wound around the histone core. The histone core is an octamer containing two copies of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone proteins.
The paradox
Nucleosomes, paradoxically, perform two opposite functions simultaneously. On the one hand, their main responsibility is to protect the delicate DNA strands from physical damage and help achieve a higher compaction ratio. While on the other hand, they must allow polymerase enzymes to access DNA...
14.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Chromatin insulators in gene regulation and 3D genome organization.

Biochemical Society transactions·2025
Same author

Chaperone dysfunction in motor neuron disease: new insights from studies of the SMN complex.

Genetics·2025
Same author

Evidence for dual roles of histone H3 lysine 4 in antagonizing Polycomb group function and promoting target gene expression.

Genes & development·2024
Same author

Proteomic analysis of the SMN complex reveals conserved and etiologic connections to the proteostasis network.

Frontiers in RNA research·2024
Same author

Set2 and H3K36 regulate the Drosophila male X chromosome in a context-specific manner, independent from MSL complex spreading.

Genetics·2024
Same author

Nuclear bodies: concentrating at an aqueous site

Nucleus (Austin, Tex.)·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 12, 2026

Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis
11:02

Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis

Published on: May 17, 2016

30.3K

HistENCODE: a proposed project to decipher functional interactions among and between histone PTMs.

A Gregory Matera1

  • 1Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, Departments of Biology and Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7100, USA.

Trends in Genetics : TIG
|November 5, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The histone code hypothesis needs further investigation 25 years later. A new initiative, HistENCODE, will use mutagenesis to map histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) and their gene regulation roles.

More Related Videos

Global Level Quantification of Histone Post-Translational Modifications in a 3D Cell Culture Model of Hepatic Tissue
08:12

Global Level Quantification of Histone Post-Translational Modifications in a 3D Cell Culture Model of Hepatic Tissue

Published on: May 5, 2022

4.4K
Author Spotlight: Enhanced Histone PTM Isomer Identification Through LC-TIMS-ToF MS/MS and PASEF
05:52

Author Spotlight: Enhanced Histone PTM Isomer Identification Through LC-TIMS-ToF MS/MS and PASEF

Published on: January 12, 2024

1.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 12, 2026

Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis
11:02

Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis

Published on: May 17, 2016

30.3K
Global Level Quantification of Histone Post-Translational Modifications in a 3D Cell Culture Model of Hepatic Tissue
08:12

Global Level Quantification of Histone Post-Translational Modifications in a 3D Cell Culture Model of Hepatic Tissue

Published on: May 5, 2022

4.4K
Author Spotlight: Enhanced Histone PTM Isomer Identification Through LC-TIMS-ToF MS/MS and PASEF
05:52

Author Spotlight: Enhanced Histone PTM Isomer Identification Through LC-TIMS-ToF MS/MS and PASEF

Published on: January 12, 2024

1.6K

Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics and Gene Regulation
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • The histone code hypothesis, proposed 25 years ago, suggests that combinations of histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) regulate gene expression.
  • Despite its significance, fundamental questions regarding the precise functional relationships between histone PTMs remain unresolved.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the unresolved questions surrounding the histone code hypothesis.
  • To propose and outline a multi-laboratory initiative, HistENCODE, for systematic investigation.
  • To decipher the functional relationships between histone PTMs and their impact on gene regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Direct mutagenesis of histone N-terminal tail residues.
  • Systematic investigation of histone PTMs.
  • Multi-laboratory collaborative approach.

Main Results:

  • This section outlines a proposed initiative, not experimental results.
  • The initiative aims to systematically map functional relationships between histone PTMs.

Conclusions:

  • A concerted, multi-laboratory effort is necessary to fully understand the histone code.
  • The proposed HistENCODE initiative will provide a systematic framework to decipher histone PTM functions.
  • Deciphering these relationships is crucial for advancing our understanding of gene regulation.