Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 2, 2026
13:04
An Introduction to Parasitic Wasps of Drosophila and the Antiparasite Immune Response
Published on: May 7, 2012
19.1K
Response to critique by Indira Chakravarthi
Indraneel Mittra1, Gauravi Mishra2, Rajendra Badwe3
1Dr Ernest Borges Chair in Translational Research and Professor Emeritus, Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, INDIA.
Indian Journal of Medical Ethics
|November 6, 2025
Summary
Two-yearly clinical breast examination (CBE) screening significantly reduces breast cancer mortality by 30% in women over 50. This cost-effective screening method, performed by health workers, can save numerous lives globally, especially in low-resource settings.
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Public Health
- Preventive Medicine
Background:
- Clinical breast examination (CBE) is a screening method for breast cancer.
- The effectiveness of CBE in reducing breast cancer mortality remained unclear, particularly when conducted by female health workers.
- Previous studies have yielded conflicting results regarding CBE's impact on breast cancer incidence and mortality.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the effect of biennial screening by clinical breast examination (CBE) on breast cancer incidence and mortality.
- To determine if CBE conducted by female health workers can lead to a reduction in breast cancer-related deaths.
- To provide a comprehensive response to critiques of the original study published in the British Medical Journal in 2021.
Main Methods:
- A prospective, cluster-randomized controlled trial was conducted in Mumbai.
- The study involved screening women using clinical breast examination (CBE) every two years.
- Data on breast cancer incidence and mortality were collected over a 20-year period.
Main Results:
- Two-yearly CBE screening demonstrated a 30% reduction in breast cancer mortality rates among women aged 50 and above.
- A lesser, but still significant, reduction in mortality was observed in women below the age of 50.
- The study provides robust evidence supporting the efficacy of CBE as a life-saving intervention.
Conclusions:
- Clinical breast examination (CBE) is an effective strategy for reducing breast cancer mortality, particularly in women over 50.
- Implementing biennial CBE screening programs in low- and middle-income countries has the potential to save thousands of lives annually.
- The findings underscore the importance of accessible screening methods in global breast cancer control efforts.
Related Concept Videos
02:35Reaction Quotient
47.8K
The status of a reversible reaction is conveniently assessed by evaluating its reaction quotient (Q). For a reversible reaction described by m A + n B ⇌ x C + y D, the reaction quotient is derived directly from the stoichiometry of the balanced equation as
47.8K
01:26Limitations of Friedel–Crafts Reactions
4.7K
Several restrictions limit the use of Friedel–Crafts reactions. First, the halogen in the alkyl halide must be attached to an sp3-hybridized carbon for the Friedel–Crafts reactions to occur. Vinyl or aryl halides do not react since the carbocations formed are unstable under the reaction conditions. Second, Friedel–Crafts alkylation is susceptible to carbocation rearrangement, and the major products obtained have a rearranged carbon skeleton. In contrast, the acylium ion is...
4.7K
01:30The Response of Equilibria to the Conditions
93
Named after the French chemist Henry Louis Le Chatelier, Le Chatelier's principle states that when a system at equilibrium is subjected to any change (like pressure, temperature, or concentration), the composition of the system adjusts in a way that counteracts the effect of this change, thereby attempting to restore the equilibrium.According to Le Chatelier's principle, for exothermic reactions, when the system's temperature is increased, the system will try to reduce the temperature. This...
93
01:23Criticisms of the Evolutionary Perspective
516
In a study where individuals posing as strangers offered compliments and proposed casual sex to students, the responses differed significantly based on gender. Not a single woman accepted the proposal, while 70% of the men agreed. This outcome provides a useful scenario to explore through the lens of evolutionary psychology and social learning theory, highlighting the diverse perspectives on human sexual behaviors.
Evolutionary psychology provides one explanation for these findings, suggesting...
Evolutionary psychology provides one explanation for these findings, suggesting...
516
01:25Beck's Cognitive Therapy
616
Cognitive therapy is a psychological approach designed to address distortions in thinking, which can lead to negative emotions and unrealistic beliefs. These cognitive distortions often influence how individuals interpret and respond to situations, exacerbating emotional distress. Below are some prevalent cognitive distortions, their characteristics, and examples of how they manifest in thought processes.
Arbitrary Inference
Arbitrary inference involves making conclusions without sufficient...
Arbitrary Inference
Arbitrary inference involves making conclusions without sufficient...
616
01:30Social Foundations of Self III: Self-Evaluation
266
Self-evaluation is the process by which individuals assess their abilities, behaviors, and characteristics based on feedback from others. Charles H. Cooley observed that a person’s self-perception is primarily influenced by how others see and judge them. He suggested that individuals form their identities based on their interpretations of others' reactions. As a result, social interactions play a crucial role in shaping self-esteem and personal identity. These external evaluations often...
266