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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large...
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The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by bombardment with neutrons has six components: nuclear fuel consisting of fissionable material, a nuclear moderator, a neutron source, control rods, reactor coolant, and a shield and containment system.
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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
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Ending nuclear weapons, before they end us.

Kamran Abbasi1, Parveen Ali2, Virginia Barbour3

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This summary is machine-generated.

The World Health Assembly will vote on a mandate for the World Health Organization to address nuclear weapon health impacts. Health professionals should advocate for supporting this mandate and a UN study on nuclear war effects.

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Area of Science:

  • Global health policy
  • International relations
  • Nuclear disarmament

Background:

  • The World Health Assembly (WHA) is considering a resolution to re-establish the World Health Organization's (WHO) mandate on nuclear weapons.
  • The health consequences of nuclear weapons and war remain a critical global concern.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To inform health professionals and their associations about the upcoming WHA vote.
  • To encourage advocacy for supporting the WHO mandate on nuclear weapons.
  • To promote support for the United Nations (UN) comprehensive study on the effects of nuclear war.

Main Methods:

  • Policy analysis
  • Advocacy strategy
  • Literature review on nuclear war effects

Main Results:

  • The WHA vote presents a key opportunity to strengthen global health governance on nuclear weapons.
  • Active engagement by health professionals is crucial for policy change.

Conclusions:

  • Supporting the WHO mandate and the UN study is vital for addressing the catastrophic health impacts of nuclear war.
  • Health professionals have a significant role in advocating for nuclear disarmament and global health security.