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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...
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Role of ER in the Secretory Pathway01:17

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Eukaryotic cells have a special pathway that enables communication between various intracellular membrane-bound compartments and also with the extracellular environment. This pathway is termed as the secretory pathway.
Components of the secretory pathway
About a third of proteins synthesized in the cell are sorted via the secretory route. They shuffle between different compartments in membrane-bound vesicles until they reach their final destination. The main intracellular compartments involved...
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ER Retrieval Pathway01:45

ER Retrieval Pathway

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In the secretory pathway, vesicles transport proteins from one cellular compartment to another in forward transport to deliver the protein to its correct location. Occasionally, misfolded proteins and incorrect proteins escape their original compartments, and a retrieval pathway is used to return the escaped proteins to their original compartment.
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Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER01:27

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A sizable fraction of proteins destined for ER are first synthesized in the cell cytosol and then transported across the ER membrane–a process called post-translational translocation. Similar to cotranslationally translocated proteins, these proteins also use the Sec translocon complex to enter the ER lumen.
Targeting proteins to the ER
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Cotranslational Protein Translocation01:20

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

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Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Sec61 channel partners for cotranslational translocation
During cotranslational translocation, the Sec61 channel partners with the signal recognition particle (SRP), the signal recognition particle receptor (SR), and the ribosomes to transport the nascent polypeptide chain...
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Bacterial Translocation and Protein Secretion01:26

Bacterial Translocation and Protein Secretion

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Bacterial protein secretion involves translocation systems to ensure proteins reach their designated locations, including the plasma membrane, periplasm, outer membrane, or the external environment. These translocation systems are vital for bacterial physiology, supporting processes like membrane assembly, enzymatic activity in the periplasm, and interactions with the external environment. The division of labor between Sec and Tat pathways ensures efficiency in handling proteins with diverse...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 12, 2026

Extracellular Protein Microarray Technology for High Throughput Detection of Low Affinity Receptor-Ligand Interactions
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Beyond the Secretory Pathway: New Insights Into Protein Release.

Ruey-Hwa Chen1, Antonio J Costa-Filho2, Jayanta Debnath3

  • 1Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.

Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark)
|November 6, 2025
PubMed
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Unconventional protein secretion (UcPS) allows proteins without signal sequences to exit cells. This emerging field explores diverse mechanisms for UcPS, crucial for cell communication and function.

Keywords:
CUPSautophagyextracellular vesiclelysosomestress adaptationunconventional protein secretion

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Protein secretion is vital for intercellular communication and extracellular matrix formation in eukaryotes.
  • The canonical pathway involves signal sequences targeting proteins through the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.
  • Cytoplasmic proteins lacking signal sequences are found extracellularly, indicating unconventional protein secretion (UcPS) pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the emerging field of unconventional protein secretion (UcPS).
  • To provide a platform for researchers to share new UcPS mechanisms and physiological roles.
  • To foster collaboration and discussion at the forefront of cell biology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on UcPS.
  • Synthesis of findings presented at the Cold Spring Harbor Asia conference.
  • Identification of diverse UcPS mechanisms and their implications.

Main Results:

  • Numerous novel UcPS paradigms and mechanisms have been discovered.
  • UcPS involves proteins lacking canonical signal sequences.
  • These proteins have defined extracellular functions.

Conclusions:

  • UcPS represents a significant expansion of our understanding of protein trafficking.
  • The field is rapidly advancing with diverse and complex mechanisms.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the scope and regulation of UcPS.