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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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A solution containing appreciable amounts of a weak conjugate acid-base pair is called a buffer solution, or a buffer. Buffer solutions resist a change in pH when small amounts of a strong acid or a strong base are added. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl...
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The human body utilizes protein buffer systems to maintain a stable pH. These systems capitalize on the dual role of amino acids, which can act as acids or bases by accepting or releasing hydrogen ions in response to pH changes. Protein buffer systems are particularly significant in the extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF) of active cells, where structural and functional proteins provide substantial buffering capacity.
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Buffer solutions do not have an unlimited capacity to keep the pH relatively constant . Instead, the ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH relies on the presence of appreciable amounts of its conjugate weak acid-base pair. When enough strong acid or base is added to substantially lower the concentration of either member of the buffer pair, the buffering action within the solution is compromised.
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Buffers play a crucial role in stabilizing the pH of a solution by mitigating the effects of small amounts of added acid or base. They consist of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl (aq).
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Updated: Jan 12, 2026

Zinc-Sponge Battery Electrodes that Suppress Dendrites
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Ultra-Stable Aqueous Zinc-Metal Batteries Achieved via Bio-Inspired Buffer Additive Engineering.

Chengjun Liu1, Dongming Xu2, Kuhang Liu1

  • 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Electronic Packaging and Advanced Functional Materials of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, P. R. China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|November 6, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A novel bio-inspired buffer strategy using TAPSO significantly enhances aqueous zinc-metal batteries (AZMBs) by suppressing side reactions. This breakthrough improves Coulombic efficiency and cycle life for sustainable energy storage.

Keywords:
aqueous zinc‐metal batteriesbio‐inspired bufferdendrite‐freereversibilityzinc anode

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Sustainable Energy

Background:

  • Aqueous zinc-metal batteries (AZMBs) offer safe, low-cost, and eco-friendly energy storage.
  • Key challenges include side reactions and uneven zinc deposition, limiting Coulombic efficiency (CE) and cycle life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a bio-inspired buffer engineering strategy for AZMBs.
  • To mitigate water reactivity and improve zinc deposition using TAPSO.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized TAPSO, a multi-functional biological buffer, for zinc-ion coordination chemistry.
  • Engineered anode-electrolyte interphase and reorganized hydrogen-bond networks.
  • Tested Zn||Zn symmetric cells, Zn||Cu half-cells, and Zn||NH4V4O10 full cells.

Main Results:

  • TAPSO attenuated water reactivity, suppressing hydrogen evolution and corrosion.
  • Achieved over 2,200 hours cycling lifespan for Zn||Zn symmetric cells.
  • Obtained high average CE of 99.72% over 1,200 cycles for Zn||Cu half-cells.
  • Zn||NH4V4O10 full cells retained 94.1% capacity after 2,000 cycles.
  • Demonstrated stable performance in a 40 mAh pouch cell for 50 cycles.

Conclusions:

  • The TAPSO buffer strategy effectively inhibits dendritic growth and byproduct formation.
  • Established a transformative approach for advanced AZMBs in sustainable energy storage.
  • Highlights the potential of bio-inspired materials for next-generation batteries.