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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 12, 2026

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory
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How prior knowledge and statement truth affect retrieval experiences over time.

Raunak M Pillai1, Suha Arshad1, Lisa K Fazio1

  • 1Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.

Memory (Hove, England)
|November 6, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

People remember details less over time, shifting to knowing information. This "Remember-Know" shift for true and false information was not affected by prior knowledge in this study.

Keywords:
Semantic memoryepisodic memoryfalse informationremember-know paradigmsource memory

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • Individuals often transition from detailed recall (Remembering) to general recognition (Knowing) of information over time.
  • The "Remember-Know" effect is established for true information and attenuated for false information.
  • Prior knowledge is hypothesized to influence the retention of true information as "Known".

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether anticipated prior knowledge moderates the "Remember-Know" shift for true and false information.
  • To explore the relationship between retrieval experiences and information production.
  • To assess the impact of repeated testing on retrieval experiences.

Main Methods:

  • A registered report study measuring retrieval experiences ("Remembering" vs. "Knowing") for true and false information.
  • Participants' anticipated prior knowledge was manipulated at two levels.
  • Analysis included the association between retrieval experiences and information production, and effects of repeated testing.

Main Results:

  • The "Remember-Know" shift was replicated for both true and false information.
  • No significant difference in the "Remember-Know" shift was observed based on anticipated prior knowledge.
  • Further analyses examined the link between retrieval experiences and information recall, and the influence of repeated testing.

Conclusions:

  • Anticipated prior knowledge does not appear to modulate the "Remember-Know" shift.
  • The study replicates the "Remember-Know" phenomenon and extends its investigation to include prior knowledge effects.
  • Future research should continue to explore factors influencing memory retrieval and knowledge representation.