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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
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Atomic Hydrogen Mediated Efficient Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation Reactions.

Lei Tian1,2, Meng-Ying Yin1,2, Xing-Yuan Xia1,2

  • 1National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, P. R. China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|November 6, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new strategy balances atomic hydrogen (H*) supply and demand in electrocatalysis, boosting efficiency for cyanide, nitrate, CO2, and O2 reductions. This method enhances cathode stability and material synthesis for reduction reactions.

Keywords:
atomic hydrogenelectrocatalytic hydrogenation reactionspassivationsupply‐demand balanceterminal oxygen atom

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Atomic hydrogen (H*) is vital for electrocatalytic hydrogenation but excessive amounts lead to self-quenching, reducing efficiency and cathode stability.
  • Controlling H* production is key to optimizing electrocatalytic reduction reactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a universal strategy for enhancing electrocatalytic hydrogenation efficiency by balancing H* supply and demand.
  • To investigate the effect of sulfur-grafted cobalt oxide (Co3O4-S) on H* generation and utilization.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized Co3O4-S by grafting sulfur onto Co3O4 to passivate terminal oxygen sites.
  • Investigated the free energy change for H* generation on Co3O4-S.
  • Evaluated the electrocatalytic performance for cyanide, nitrate, CO2, and O2 reductions.

Main Results:

  • Co3O4-S increased the free energy for H* generation from 0.17 to 0.41 eV, regulating its production rate.
  • The H* supply-demand balance significantly improved the deep hydrogenation of cyanide (FE: 19.6% to 45.3%).
  • Enhanced efficiencies were observed for nitrate reduction (FE: 83% to 100%), CO2 reduction (FE: 25.1% to 51.7%), and O2 reduction (transferred electrons: 2.6 to 3.6).

Conclusions:

  • The proposed strategy effectively balances H* supply and demand, suppressing self-quenching and enhancing electrocatalytic reduction efficiency.
  • Co3O4-S demonstrates excellent potential for practical applications, including cyanide-containing wastewater treatment.
  • This work provides a new approach for designing efficient and stable electrocatalytic electrode materials.