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Patient-Derived Cancer Organoids: Standardized Protocols for Tumor Cell Isolation, Organoid Generation, and Serial
Ali Sahin1,2, Dila Sener-Akcora2,3, Ayse Mine Yilmaz1,2
1Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye.
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Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) preserve the architecture and heterogeneity of primary tumors and enable clinically relevant ex vivo testing. We describe standardized protocols for tumor tissue dissociation, extracellular-matrix embedding, tumor-type-specific medium formulation, serial passaging, and histologic and genomic evaluation, alongside quality control criteria to ensure viability and reproducibility across major solid cancers. These methods support precision oncology, drug screening, and translational studies using living biobanks of PDOs.
