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Ultrasonography

Ultrasonography

Ultrasonography is an imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the body's internal structures. It is a non-invasive and safe procedure that does not involve the use of ionizing radiation, making it widely used in various medical fields. Ultrasonography is used to study heart function, blood flow in the neck or extremities, certain conditions such as gallbladder disease, and fetal growth and development.
During an ultrasonography procedure, a handheld device called...

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Teleoperation Architectures for Remote Ultrasound Diagnostic Imaging: A Systematic Review.

Eleonora Storto, Massimiliano Solazzi, Mario Meola

IEEE Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering

|November 6, 2025

Summary

This review analyzes teleultrasound systems, focusing on teleoperation architectures. Architectural choices significantly impact the performance and safety of remote ultrasound imaging.

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Area of Science:

Medical Imaging
Robotics
Telemedicine

Background:

Teleultrasound leverages telemedicine for remote diagnostic imaging via teleoperated systems.
Existing reviews cover clinical uses, autonomy, and assistive features, but lack systematic analysis of teleoperation architectures.
Teleoperation architectures are crucial for remote manipulation and feedback in teleultrasound.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review and analyze teleoperation architectures in 39 teleultrasound systems.
To evaluate system transparency and stability based on architectural design and control implementation.
To critically assess the realism of test conditions in existing teleultrasound research.

Main Methods:

Reviewed 39 teleultrasound systems, focusing on teleoperation architectures.
Examined leader/follower designs, control strategies, force feedback, time delay handling, communication, and anatomical targets.
Analyzed system transparency and stability from an architectural perspective, considering test condition realism.

Main Results:

Architectural choices critically influence the performance and safety of remote ultrasound interactions.
Identified key architectural elements impacting remote manipulation and feedback effectiveness.
Highlighted limitations in the realism of test conditions across reviewed systems.

Conclusions:

A comprehensive architectural viewpoint is essential for understanding teleultrasound system performance.
Future research should focus on robust architectural designs for enhanced transparency and stability.
Addressing open challenges in teleoperation architecture is key for advancing remote ultrasound technologies.