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Decreased Body Temperature01:29

Decreased Body Temperature

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A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by...
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Methods of reducing fever01:22

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The signs and symptoms of fever include hot and dry skin, flushed face, thirst, muscle aches, anorexia, headache, tachycardia, tachypnea, and fatigue. Elevated body temperature is reduced using two methods: pharmacological and nonpharmacological. Proper identification and treatment of the root cause of a fever is of utmost importance.
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Factors Affecting Body Temperature01:28

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As a nurse, it is vital to understand the factors affecting body temperature to monitor variations and effectively evaluate deviations from regular.
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Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
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Increased Body Temperature01:25

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A body temperature above  38°C  (100.4 °F) is known as fever or pyrexia, and a person with fever is termed 'febrile.' Typically, the hypothalamus, a part of the brain that acts as the body's thermostat, regulates body temperature through a thermoregulatory setpoint. It receives signals from cold and warm thermal receptors throughout the body and adjusts the body's temperature accordingly. Fever occurs when this hypothalamic setpoint is altered, usually in...
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Cold-Related Illness and Deaths in Wisconsin, 2013-2023.

Elaina M Andreychak1,2, Carrie D Tomasallo1,3, Sheryl A Bedno3

  • 1University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.

WMJ : Official Publication of the State Medical Society of Wisconsin
|November 6, 2025
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Summary

Cold-related illnesses and deaths remain a significant public health concern in Wisconsin, with increasing mortality rates observed. Vulnerable populations, including American Indian and Black individuals and those with chronic conditions, are disproportionately affected.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Cold-related illness and deaths pose significant health risks in Wisconsin, despite increasing heat waves.
  • Environmental exposures contribute to cold-related morbidity and mortality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze trends and characteristics of cold-related illness and deaths in Wisconsin from 2013 to 2023.
  • To identify demographic disparities and risk factors associated with cold-related outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Wisconsin hospital discharge data and vital records for case identification (2013-2023).
  • Employed linear models and chi-square tests to compare trends, temperature correlations, and demographic differences.

Main Results:

  • Average rates: 13.6 ED visits, 5.2 hospitalizations, and 0.9 deaths per 100,000 population.
  • Significant increase in cold-related death rates since 2013 (R²=0.84).
  • High comorbidity rates (67.3%); American Indian and Black races showed highest rates for all outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Cold-related illness and deaths are prevalent, particularly affecting American Indian and Black communities and individuals with chronic conditions.
  • Improved data collection on housing status is recommended for those experiencing homelessness.
  • Clinicians must remain vigilant for cold-related illnesses, even without extreme cold.