Germinoma: Presentation, Management, and Recent Advances

Central Nervous System (CNS) germinomas are rare, malignant germ cell tumors that predominantly affect children, adolescents and young adults (AYA). These tumors are highly sensitive to irradiation and chemotherapy, making them one of the most curable intracranial malignancies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of germinoma, covering epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches, treatment strategies, and long-term outcomes. We also discuss recent advances in molecular biology and their implications on future therapeutic developments.