Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

646
Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
646
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

49.2K
Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
49.2K
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

14.6K
Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
14.6K
SNAREs and Membrane Fusion01:43

SNAREs and Membrane Fusion

12.3K
Once a transport vesicle has recognized its target organelle, the vesicular membrane needs to fuse with the target membrane to unload the cargo. Transmembrane proteins called SNAREs present on organelle membranes and their vesicles, mediate vesicle fusion.
SNAREs exist in pairs that symmetrically interact and catalyze the fusion of the lipid bilayers in vesicle and target organelle. v-SNARE in the vesicle membrane are single polypeptide chains that bind to a complementary t-SNARE, composed of 2...
12.3K
Intracellular Movement of Viruses and Bacteria01:10

Intracellular Movement of Viruses and Bacteria

3.4K
Intracellular bacteria and viruses often comprise a group of highly infectious pathogens that can cause several diseases. Bacterial pathogens include those belonging to the genus Rickettsia responsible for conditions such as rocky mountain spotted fever and the Mediterranean spotted fever; Chlamydia, a genus responsible for a sexually transmitted disease; Coxiella burnetii, an agent responsible for Q fever. Viral pathogens include vaccinia—a poxvirus, and herpes simplex virus—a...
3.4K
Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers01:51

Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers

6.8K
Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...
6.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Immunomodulatory Strategies for Managing Viral Infections in Solid Organ Transplantation: Progress and Challenges.

Current microbiology·2026
Same author

Bioinformatics-Driven Design and Evaluation of Recombinant Multi-Epitope Immunogens Derived From Snake Venom Toxins as Potential Antivenom Candidates.

Proteins·2026
Same author

Immunomodulation in post-transplant diabetes mellitus: Challenges and management.

Transplant immunology·2025
Same author

Artificial intelligence in drug resistance management.

3 Biotech·2025
Same author

Targeting serotonin receptors with phytochemicals - an in-silico study.

Scientific reports·2024
Same author

Correction: Elalouf et al. Bioinformatics-Driven mRNA-Based Vaccine Design for Controlling Tinea Cruris Induced by <i>Trichophyton rubrum</i>. <i>Pharmaceutics</i> 2024, <i>16</i>, 983.

Pharmaceutics·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 12, 2026

Imaging of HIV-1 Envelope-induced Virological Synapse and Signaling on Synthetic Lipid Bilayers
11:45

Imaging of HIV-1 Envelope-induced Virological Synapse and Signaling on Synthetic Lipid Bilayers

Published on: March 8, 2012

12.6K

HIV-1 Entry Mechanisms: Protein-Host Receptor Interactions and Membrane Fusion Dynamics.

Amir Elalouf1, Hadas Elalouf2, Hanan Maoz1

  • 1Health Management Program, Department of Management, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002 Ramat Gan, Israel.

Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark Edition)
|November 6, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Understanding human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 entry mechanisms, focusing on viral envelope glycoproteins (Env) and host cell receptors, is key to developing new therapies like fusion inhibitors and broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs).

Keywords:
HIV-1 entry mechanismsmembrane fusion dynamicsprotein-host receptor interactionsviral envelope glycoproteins

More Related Videos

A High-throughput Cre-Lox Activated Viral Membrane Fusion Assay to Identify Inhibitors of HIV-1 Viral Membrane Fusion
07:22

A High-throughput Cre-Lox Activated Viral Membrane Fusion Assay to Identify Inhibitors of HIV-1 Viral Membrane Fusion

Published on: August 14, 2018

6.9K
Measurement of In Vitro Integration Activity of HIV-1 Preintegration Complexes
10:34

Measurement of In Vitro Integration Activity of HIV-1 Preintegration Complexes

Published on: February 22, 2017

8.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 12, 2026

Imaging of HIV-1 Envelope-induced Virological Synapse and Signaling on Synthetic Lipid Bilayers
11:45

Imaging of HIV-1 Envelope-induced Virological Synapse and Signaling on Synthetic Lipid Bilayers

Published on: March 8, 2012

12.6K
A High-throughput Cre-Lox Activated Viral Membrane Fusion Assay to Identify Inhibitors of HIV-1 Viral Membrane Fusion
07:22

A High-throughput Cre-Lox Activated Viral Membrane Fusion Assay to Identify Inhibitors of HIV-1 Viral Membrane Fusion

Published on: August 14, 2018

6.9K
Measurement of In Vitro Integration Activity of HIV-1 Preintegration Complexes
10:34

Measurement of In Vitro Integration Activity of HIV-1 Preintegration Complexes

Published on: February 22, 2017

8.0K

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Structural Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 entry is a complex process involving viral envelope glycoproteins (Env) interacting with host cell receptors.
  • Understanding these molecular mechanisms is crucial for developing effective antiviral therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements in HIV-1 entry mechanisms.
  • To detail structural insights into Env-receptor interactions and membrane fusion.
  • To inform the development of novel therapeutic interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of structural biology data on HIV-1 Env glycoproteins (gp120 and gp41).
  • Analysis of host cell receptor interactions (CD4, CCR5, CXCR4).
  • Integration of virology and translational research findings.

Main Results:

  • HIV-1 Env trimer undergoes conformational changes from prefusion to postfusion states.
  • CD4 engagement triggers gp120 remodeling, exposing coreceptor binding sites and activating gp41.
  • Key fusion events (peptide insertion, six-helix bundle formation, membrane merger) are identified as therapeutic targets.

Conclusions:

  • Mechanistic understanding of HIV-1 entry informs the design of next-generation therapeutics.
  • Strategies include disrupting Env-receptor interactions and blocking fusion intermediates.
  • Insights can counteract drug resistance and refine vaccine approaches.