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The Extracellular Matrix01:42

The Extracellular Matrix

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Overview
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The Extracellular Matrix01:29

The Extracellular Matrix

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Overview
In order to maintain tissue organization, many animal cells are surrounded by structural molecules that make up the extracellular matrix (ECM). Together, the molecules in the ECM maintain the structural integrity of tissue as well as the remarkable specific properties of certain tissues.
Composition of the Extracellular Matrix
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is commonly composed of ground substance, a gel-like fluid, fibrous components, and many structurally and functionally diverse...
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Overview of Cell-Matrix Interactions01:24

Overview of Cell-Matrix Interactions

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The extracellular matrix or ECM holds cells together to form a tissue and allows the cells within the tissue to communicate. ECM comprises proteins such as fibronectin, collagen, laminin, etc. The most abundant protein in this space is collagen. Collagen fibers are interwoven with carbohydrate-containing protein molecules called proteoglycans. ECM allows cell migration and provides a structural scaffold at cell adhesion that anchors the cell when the extracellular matrix proteins interact with...
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Matrix Proteoglycans and Glycoproteins01:21

Matrix Proteoglycans and Glycoproteins

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Proteoglycans are extensively glycosylated proteins, commonly found in the extracellular matrix, interwoven with collagen fibers. Hyaline cartilage, the most common type of cartilage in the body, consists of short and dispersed collagen fibers associated with large amounts of proteoglycans. These proteoglycans have long negative charges that attract cations, which in turn attract water molecules. This influx of ions and water molecules swells up the proteoglycan like a water-soaked gel that can...
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Cell-matrix's Response to Mechanical Forces01:13

Cell-matrix's Response to Mechanical Forces

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In animal cells, the extracellular matrix allows cells within tissues to withstand external stresses and transmits signals from the outside of the cell to the inside. The extracellular matrix is extensive, and its composition varies between different types of tissues. For example, the reticular fibers and ground substance make up the ECM in loose connective tissue, while collagen and bone minerals make up the ECM of bone tissue. 
Anchoring junctions mechanically attach a cell to the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 12, 2026

Interlinked Macroporous 3D Scaffolds from Microgel Rods
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Interlinked Macroporous 3D Scaffolds from Microgel Rods

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Zwitterionic Microgel Scaffolds Support Matrix Accumulation by Regulating Protein Adsorption.

Erika E Wheeler1,2, Ayla N Apsey2, J Kent Leach1,2

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.

Advanced Healthcare Materials
|November 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Substrate charge significantly impacts cell behavior and tissue engineering scaffolds. Zwitterionic microgels promote cell viability, spreading, and extracellular matrix deposition, even under inflammatory conditions, offering superior biocompatibility.

Keywords:
Zwitterionic hydrogelsextracellular matrixmesenchymal stromal cellsmicrogelsprotein adsorption

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Surface Chemistry

Background:

  • Substrate charge is critical for protein adsorption, cell adhesion, and biocompatibility.
  • Zwitterionic polymers offer advantages like hydration, protein adsorption resistance, and biocompatibility.
  • Microgel scaffolds enhance cell functions compared to bulk hydrogels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how substrate charge influences cell viability, spreading, and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in microgel scaffolds.
  • To fabricate microgels with distinct substrate charges using emulsion-based microfluidics.
  • To compare the performance of zwitterionic, nonionic, and negatively charged microgel scaffolds.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of microgels with varying functional groups to control substrate charge using emulsion-based microfluidics.
  • Characterization of protein adsorption onto charged substrates.
  • Seeding human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) onto microgel scaffolds and assessing cell viability, spreading, and ECM deposition.

Main Results:

  • Charged proteins exhibited greater adsorption to oppositely charged substrates.
  • Zwitterionic microgel scaffolds significantly promoted MSC viability and spreading compared to nonionic or negatively charged scaffolds.
  • Zwitterionic scaffolds maintained ECM accumulation under inflammatory conditions, unlike nonionic or negatively charged scaffolds.

Conclusions:

  • Substrate charge is a key factor influencing protein adsorption, MSC adhesion, and ECM deposition.
  • Zwitterionic microgel scaffolds demonstrate superior performance for cell behavior and ECM maintenance in tissue engineering.
  • These findings highlight the importance of substrate charge in designing advanced macroporous scaffolds.