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Multicolor 3D Printing of Complex Intracranial Tumors in Neurosurgery
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Development and Validation of a 3-Dimensionally Printed Craniotomy Simulation Model for Under-resourced Healthcare

Brandon K Hoglund1, Arnau Benet1, Francisco Rivera1

  • 1Barrow Global, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.

Neurosurgery Practice
|November 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A novel, low-cost 3D-printed craniotomy model offers a viable alternative to cadaver-based training in low- and middle-income countries, providing clinically translatable neurosurgical skills and enhancing patient education.

Keywords:
3D printingCraniotomyGlobal neurosurgerySimulationTraining

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery simulation
  • Medical device innovation
  • Surgical education technology

Background:

  • Cadaver-based simulations face financial and legal limitations, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).
  • Existing 3D printing alternatives are often limited and expensive.
  • A cost-effective 3D-printed model was developed to simulate various craniotomy approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the development and assessment of a novel 3D-printed craniotomy simulation model.
  • To evaluate the model's effectiveness and cost-efficiency for neurosurgical training in LMICs.

Main Methods:

  • A craniotomy model was created using medical imaging, 3D printing, and foam molding.
  • Detailed manufacturing instructions were provided.
  • Forty neurosurgery residents and attendings in a Latin American LMIC evaluated the model through simulated craniotomies and questionnaires.

Main Results:

  • The model cost $47.52 and took 6 hours to produce.
  • 85% found the simulated tissue elastance suitable for teaching surgical approaches.
  • 65% reported realistic haptic feedback.
  • All participants found the model useful for learning emergent craniotomies and transferable to clinical practice.
  • 93% believed it could prevent intraoperative complications.
  • 90% saw its value in patient/family education.

Conclusions:

  • The 3D-printed craniotomy model provides clinically translatable neurosurgical skills.
  • It represents a viable, cost-effective alternative to cadaver-based training in LMICs.
  • The model also aids in patient and family education regarding neurosurgical procedures.