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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)01:16

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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

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Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:17

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The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

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Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
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Synthesis of Programmable Main-chain Liquid-crystalline Elastomers Using a Two-stage Thiol-acrylate Reaction
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Flexoelectric Elastomer Enabled by Miscibility-Driven Succinonitrile Molecular Rotation.

Moonseok Jang1, Bitgaram Kim1,2, Ji-Hun Seo1

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|November 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study explores flexoelectricity in succinonitrile (SN) plastic crystals within polymer networks. Crosslinked SN-based composites demonstrate efficient mechanical-to-electrical energy conversion, highlighting design principles for soft materials.

Keywords:
elastomerflexoelectricitymiscibilitypolymer moietiessuccinonitrile

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Physics
  • Polymer Science

Background:

  • Plastic crystals possess unique order/disorder properties, enabling flexoelectricity under strain gradients despite lacking piezoelectricity.
  • Succinonitrile (SN), a polar plastic crystal, shows potential for electromechanical applications due to its molecular dynamics.
  • Previous research focused on pure or doped SN, leaving the impact of polymer networks unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate how covalently crosslinked polymer networks influence SN's rotational dynamics and flexoelectric properties.
  • Determine the relationship between polymer-SN miscibility, microstructure, molecular mobility, and electromechanical coupling.
  • Establish design principles for novel soft materials for mechanical-to-electrical energy conversion.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic variation of polymer-SN miscibility in composite networks.
  • Measurement of electromechanical performance (voltage, current) under mechanical stress (finger tapping).
  • Determination of flexoelectric coefficients via three-point bending tests, supported by dielectric analysis and DFT calculations.

Main Results:

  • The SN_MMA composite exhibited the highest electromechanical performance, generating 2.79 V and 0.082 µA cm⁻².
  • The highest flexoelectric coefficient of 22.8 nC m⁻¹ was recorded for the SN_MMA composite.
  • Optimal performance is attributed to interfacial stress localization and retained SN orientational freedom within the polymer network.

Conclusions:

  • Covalently crosslinked polymer networks can significantly enhance the flexoelectric properties of succinonitrile.
  • Microstructure and SN molecular mobility are critical factors for achieving efficient electromechanical coupling in these soft materials.
  • The SN_MMA composite serves as a model for designing high-performance, non-piezoelectric energy harvesting materials.