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Effective spot size parameters for Acuros dose calculation algorithm using enhanced leaf modelling: Estimation based

Antonella Fogliata¹, Antonella Stravato^2,3, Marco Pelizzoli¹

¹Radiotherapy and Radiosurgery Department, Humanitas Research Hospital IRCCS, Milan-Rozzano, Italy.

Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics

|November 7, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Optimizing Effective Spot Size (ESS) parameters in the Acuros dose calculation algorithm improves accuracy for small, elongated fields in stereotactic radiotherapy. This study presents a method for ESS determination, enhancing dose calculations for multileaf collimator-shaped fields.

Keywords:

Acuros effective spot size output factors rectangular small fields small fields

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Published on: March 11, 2021

Area of Science:

Medical Physics
Radiotherapy Physics
Dosimetry

Background:

Small field dosimetry is crucial for stereotactic radiotherapy, especially with multileaf collimators (MLCs).
Accurate dose calculation for small, elongated fields is challenging.
The Acuros dose calculation algorithm (Eclipse v18.0) with enhanced leaf modeling (ELM) requires optimization of Effective Spot Size (ESS) parameters.

Purpose of the Study:

To optimize Effective Spot Size (ESS) parameters for the Acuros dose calculation algorithm.
To achieve accurate dose calculations for small, rectangular fields shaped by MLCs.
To evaluate the impact of ESS on field output factors and penumbra for small fields.

Main Methods:

Measured field output factors (FOFs) using a Varian TrueBeam with HD-MLC for 6 MV and 10 MV beams.
Utilized microDiamond detector for ESS optimization based on TRS-483 protocol.
Calculated FOFs in Eclipse v18.0 with Acuros, varying ESS values to minimize discrepancies with measurements for elongated fields (0.5x4 cm² and 4x0.5 cm²).

Main Results:

Optimized ESS parameters significantly improved the accuracy of calculated doses for elongated fields compared to default settings.
Minimized discrepancies between calculated and measured FOFs, enhancing overall dose calculation precision.
Profile and penumbra analyses corroborated the improved accuracy.

Conclusions:

The enhanced leaf modeling (ELM) in Eclipse v.18 improves MLC modeling, but ESS parameters remain user-tunable.
A method for determining ESS for the Acuros algorithm was successfully developed and validated.
The optimized ESS configuration ensures accurate dose calculations for small, elongated fields generated by HD-MLC, with results within 0.2% ± 0.4% of measurements.