Advances and Challenges in Constructing Bone Organoids Using Cells Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells: A...

Area of Science:

• Biomaterials Science
• Stem Cell Biology
• Tissue Engineering

Background:

• Bone organoids are valuable for disease modeling and drug testing.
• Limited cell sources and undefined culture components hinder bone organoid development.
• Existing scaffolds often fail to support human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) culture.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review methods for differentiating hPSCs into bone organoid constituents.
• To discuss strategies for developing hPSC-based bone organoids.
• To identify challenges and future prospects for hPSC-derived bone organoids.

Main Methods:

• Review of in vivo bone development.
• Summarization of hPSC differentiation mechanisms, methods, and purification.
• Analysis of strategies, growth factors, and materials for hPSC-based bone organoids.

Main Results:

• hPSCs can differentiate into osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and endothelial cells.
• Low differentiation efficiencies and undefined culture media limit clinical applications.
• Scaffold limitations impede hPSC culture for bone organoid generation.

Conclusions:

• Developing hPSC-derived bone organoids requires optimized differentiation and culture strategies.
• Addressing current limitations is crucial for advancing bone organoid technology.
• This review provides insights for future development and clinical translation of hPSC-based bone organoids.