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Net production efficiency (NPE) is the efficiency at which organisms assimilate energy into biomass for the next trophic level. Due to low metabolic rates and less energy spent on thermoregulatory processes, the NPE of ectotherms (cold-blooded animals) is 10 times higher than endotherms (warm-blooded animals).
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Trophic Efficiency00:46

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Trophic level transfer efficiency (TLTE) is a measure of the total energy transfer from one trophic level to the next. Due to extensive energy loss as metabolic heat, an average of only 10% of the original energy obtained is passed on to the next level. This pattern of energy loss severely limits the possible number of trophic levels in a food chain.
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Carbon dioxide fixation in prokaryotes enables the assimilation of inorganic carbon into organic molecules, supporting biosynthetic pathways, sustaining ecosystems, and contributing to the global carbon cycle. It also has industrial applications in carbon capture and bioproduct synthesis. Autotrophic organisms rely on this process to utilize CO₂ as a carbon source in diverse environments.The Calvin CycleThe Calvin cycle is the most widespread carbon fixation mechanism, primarily used by...
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The hypothetical Carnot cycle consists of an ideal gas subjected to two isothermal and two adiabatic processes. Since the internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on its temperature, which is the same before and after the completion of the Carnot cycle, there is no change in its internal energy. Hence, using the first law of thermodynamics, the total heat exchanged by the ideal gas equals the total work done. Thus, we can quantify the efficiency of the Carnot cycle via the heat exchanged...
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Implementation of Portable Emissions Measurement Systems PEMS for the Real-driving Emissions RDE Regulation in Europe
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Land-based carbon neutrality efficiency in the European Union.

Ming-Chung Chang1

  • 1Institute of Business Intelligence and Innovation, Chihlee University of Technology, New Taipei, 220305, Taiwan. changmc@mail.chihlee.edu.tw.

Carbon Balance and Management
|November 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The European Union

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Agricultural Science
  • Forestry Science

Background:

  • The European Union (EU) committed to net-zero emissions by 2050.
  • Evaluating carbon neutrality on forest and agricultural lands is crucial for EU climate goals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess carbon neutrality efficiencies across EU forest and agricultural lands.
  • To categorize EU countries based on carbon emission trends.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a carbon neutrality efficiency metric: carbon emissions efficiency × carbon sink efficiency × carbon neutrality target.
  • Classified EU countries into 'green' (reducing emissions), 'gray' (increasing emissions), and 'mixed' groups.

Main Results:

  • Carbon neutrality management receives less attention than carbon emission management.
Keywords:
Agricultural landCarbon neutralityEUForest

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  • A trade-off exists between forest and agricultural land carbon neutrality efficiencies.
  • The 'green' group countries show greater GDP heterogeneity and diverse economic structures.

    • Conclusions:

    • Carbon neutrality performance in the 'green' group reflects broader EU patterns.
    • Heterogeneity in GDP and economic structures influences carbon neutrality outcomes.
    • Forest and agricultural land use strategies must be balanced for effective carbon neutrality.