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Related Concept Videos

Chirality02:25

Chirality

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Chirality is a term that describes the lack of mirror symmetry in an object. In other words, chiral objects cannot be superposed on their mirror images. For example, our feet are chiral, as the mirror image of the left foot, the right foot, cannot be superposed on the left foot.
Chiral objects exhibit a sense of handedness when they interact with another chiral object. For example, our left foot can only fit in the left shoe and not in the right shoe. Achiral objects — objects that have...
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Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur02:30

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Chirality is most prevalent in carbon-based tetrahedral compounds, but this important facet of molecular symmetry extends to sp3-hybridized nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur centers, including trivalent molecules with lone pairs. Here, the lone pair behaves as a functional group in addition to the other three substituents to form an analogous tetrahedral center that can be chiral.
A consequence of chirality is the need for enantiomeric resolution. While this is theoretically possible for all...
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Chirality in Nature02:30

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Chirality is the most intriguing yet essential facet of nature, governing life’s biochemical processes and precision. It can be observed from a snail shell pattern in a macroscopic world to an amino acid, the minutest building block of life. Most of the snails around the world have right-coiled shells because of the intrinsic chirality in their genes. All the amino acids present in the human body exist in an enantiomerically pure state, except for glycine - the sole achiral amino acid.
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¹H NMR Chemical Shift Equivalence: Enantiotopic and Diastereotopic Protons00:58

¹H NMR Chemical Shift Equivalence: Enantiotopic and Diastereotopic Protons

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Replacing each alpha-hydrogen in chloroethane by bromine (or a different functional group) yields a pair of enantiomers. Such protons are called prochiral or enantiotopic and are related by a mirror plane. Enantiotopic protons are chemically equivalent in an achiral environment. Because most proton NMR spectra are recorded using achiral solvents, enantiotopic hydrogens yield a single signal.
In chiral compounds such as 2-butanol, replacing the methylene hydrogens at C3 produces a pair of...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin01:08

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All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
Atomic nuclei have a net nuclear spin, , which can have an integer or half-integer value. In atomic nuclei, the spins of protons are paired against each other but not with neutrons, and vice versa. Consequently, an even number of protons does not contribute to...
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Prochirality02:05

Prochirality

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The concept of prochirality leads to the nomenclature of the individual faces of a molecule and plays a crucial role in the enantioselective reaction. It is a concept where two or more achiral molecules react to produce chiral products. A typical process is the reaction of an achiral ketone to generate a chiral alcohol. Here, the achiral reactant reacts with an achiral reducing agent, sodium borohydride, to generate an equimolar mixture of the chiral enantiomers of the product. For example, an...
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Updated: Jan 12, 2026

Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2
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Chiral Symmetry and Peripheral Neutron-α Scattering.

Yilong Yang1, Evgeny Epelbaum2, Jie Meng1

  • 1Peking University, State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Beijing 100871, China.

Physical Review Letters
|November 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Peripheral neutron-alpha scattering at low energies offers a novel method to study three-nucleon forces. Calculations show the two-pion exchange force is key for describing neutron-alpha scattering phase shifts.

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Physics
  • Quantum Monte Carlo methods
  • Chiral Effective Field Theory

Background:

  • Understanding three-nucleon forces is crucial for nuclear structure and reactions.
  • Existing models often struggle to accurately describe these complex interactions.
  • Neutron-alpha scattering is a key reaction for probing nuclear forces.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and demonstrate neutron-alpha scattering as a sensitive probe of long-range three-nucleon forces.
  • To investigate the role of chiral effective field theory in few-body systems.
  • To reveal the predictive power of chiral symmetry in nuclear physics.

Main Methods:

  • Ab initio quantum Monte Carlo calculations were performed.
  • Two- and three-nucleon interactions were derived using chiral effective field theory up to third expansion order.
  • Low-energy neutron-alpha scattering phase shifts were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • The longest-range three-nucleon force, arising from two-pion exchange, significantly impacts neutron-alpha D-wave phase shifts.
  • Calculations successfully described the observed scattering data.
  • The study highlights the importance of including these forces for accurate nuclear predictions.

Conclusions:

  • Peripheral neutron-alpha scattering is a clean and sensitive probe for long-range three-nucleon forces.
  • Chiral effective field theory provides a robust framework for describing few-body nuclear systems.
  • This work opens new avenues for constraining and understanding three-nucleon forces in nuclear physics.