Uranium in Moroccan phosphate rock and derivatives: Occurrence, redistribution, and radiological considerations

Morocco holds the world's largest reserves of phosphate rock, which play a pivotal role in its economy through fertilizer production and global export. However, the presence of naturally occurring radionuclides, particularly uranium and its decay products, poses significant environmental and radiological challenges. This review synthesizes current knowledge on uranium concentrations in Moroccan phosphate rock and its industrial derivatives, drawing on recent studies that quantify radioactivity levels and their implications. We emphasize underexplored issues such as uranium speciation, its redistribution during processing, long-term accumulation in agricultural soils, and potential health risks. Additionally, we address gaps in current research, including the lack of nationwide monitoring programs, insufficient data on uranium mobility, and potential recovery opportunities from waste streams. By identifying these knowledge gaps, this review proposes future research directions to support sustainable phosphate exploitation while informing radiological risks and ensuring environmental and public health protection.