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Related Concept Videos

Electrocardiogram01:29

Electrocardiogram

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An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and...
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Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle01:25

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The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...
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Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): An Overview with Scientific InsightsCoronary Artery Disease (CAD), often referred to as C-A-D, is a prevalent blood vessel disorder classified under the broader category of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process characterized by the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrin, reducing blood flow to...
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Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System I:Echocardiography01:17

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Cardiac imaging studies encompass a wide range of noninvasive and minimally invasive techniques designed to visualize the heart's structure and function in detail. One such technique is echocardiography, which uses high-frequency ultrasound waves to produce detailed images of the heart, known as echocardiograms.
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Troponins
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Electrocardiogram Fundamentals01:28

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

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Introduction
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool for identifying cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and myocardial ischemia.
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG) visualizes the heart's electrical activity by tracing the electrical movement associated with each heartbeat on a graph or monitor. As the heart beats, an electrical wave passes through it, correlating with the cardiac cycle events.
Parts of an ECG
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Integrating ECG-derived features with conventional CVD risk models.

Maryam Mahdavi1, Anoshirvan Kazemnejad2, Abbas Asosheh3

  • 1Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

Scientific Reports
|November 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Electrocardiogram (ECG) features improve cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk prediction in women, outperforming the Framingham risk score (FRS). This enhances early detection for personalized prevention strategies.

Keywords:
CVDECG signalNRI and IDIPrediction model

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Preventive Medicine
  • Biomedical Signal Processing

Background:

  • Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), especially cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), are the leading global cause of death.
  • Iran faces higher-than-average CVD incidence and mortality rates.
  • Early CVD detection is crucial as it often progresses asymptomatically.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the predictive capability of electrocardiogram (ECG) signal features for incident CVD.
  • To compare ECG-based risk prediction with the Framingham risk score (FRS).
  • To evaluate ECG signal processing for risk stratification in a large cohort.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized signal processing on ECG data from 4,637 adults (aged ≥40) in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) (2006-2008).
  • Followed participants for 10 years to identify incident CVD (coronary heart disease or stroke).
  • Compared recalibrated FRS models with and without ECG features using Harrell's C-index, NRI, and IDI.

Main Results:

  • Over 10 years, 483 participants (10.4%) developed CVD.
  • ECG features significantly improved CVD risk prediction in women (C-index: 0.84 to 0.85; NRI: 55.7%; IDI: 2.8%).
  • No significant improvement was observed in men; ECG models outperformed FRS for intermediate-risk women.

Conclusions:

  • Incorporating ECG signal features enhances CVD prediction models, particularly for women.
  • ECG-based risk stratification shows potential for improving individualized preventive strategies for CVD.
  • Further research is needed to refine ECG tools for clinical application.